論〈家庭與共產政府〉一文的生成、翻譯與傳播─1924年以前柯倫泰在新俄羅斯、蘇聯與中國

Transmitting and Translating "Communism and the Family": Kollontai in New Russia, the Early Soviet Union and the May Fourth China before 1924

陳相因(Sasha Hsiang-Yin Chen)

《近代中國婦女史研究》 19期 (2011/12) Pp. 1-31

https://doi.org/10.6352/mhwomen.201112.0005

摘要

本文回溯〈家庭與共產政府〉一文的生成背景，連結柯倫泰的政治命運，來探究此文本在新俄羅斯、蘇聯與中國的傳播機制與翻譯考量，呈現出當中個人與黨團、政治與文學交互作用的複雜關係。本文主要分為三個部分，第一部分論述文本的脈絡，並分析柯倫泰的烏托邦理想，在未來蘇聯家庭、公有制與共產政府下「新婦女」所應呈現的自我形象。第二部分著重探討此文本經過布爾什維克黨中央委員會的挑選，藉由中國共產黨黨員介紹，在進入五四時期中國後，如何被翻譯、認識與推廣的機制與過程。藉由追溯與探索這些機制及過程來審視共產主義，從新俄羅斯、蘇聯到中國，是如何利用宣傳與操作「女性問題」達到霸權、父權與政治功利等目的。第三部份則由批判霸權與父權的視角切換為檢驗馬克思女性主義的實踐，柯倫泰和〈家庭與共產政府〉做為一個代表例子，說明這種女性主義與霸／父權主義既對抗又共謀的現象。

關鍵字

中蘇共黨宣傳 ； 新婦女 ； 家庭與共產政府 ； 未來社會之家庭 ； 柯倫泰 ； 茅盾

並列摘要

This article studies the Marxist feminist ideas and ideology of Aleksandra Kollontai in New Russia, the early Soviet Union and the May Fourth China before 1924, with the specific reference to both transmission and translation of ”Communism and the Family”. The first section shows how Kollontai depicts the blue print of ”new women” in this text under the political context of Lenin's hegemony, analyzing her conception of constructing the female ”self” within the future Soviet family, public property and the communist state. Factors, such as the relation between this source text and the target text ”Communism and the Family”, the connection between Kollontai's writing motivations and Mao Dun's translating purposes, the interaction between transmitting functions of Soviet propagandas and manipulating mechanisms of Chinese communist organizations, and the political environments and historical developments in the early Soviet Union and the May Fourth China, are all investigated in the second part. Demonstrating the development of how this work travels in the last section, I argue that Russian and Chinese male Communists usually employed the so-called ”solving women's questions” to achieve their patriarchal and political aims when they encountered serious defeat in the 1920s. Paradoxically, Kollontai, as a nonconformist and a rebellious politician, survived Tsarism, Leninism and Stalinism, suggesting that the power of marginalization can simultaneously conspire with and against the hegemony.

並列關鍵字

Soviet-Chinese communist propagandas ； new women ； Family and the Communist State ； The Family for the Future Society ； Kollontai ； Mao Dun

參考文獻

Farnsworth, Beatrice(1980).Aleksandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism, and the Bolshevik Revolution.Stanford:Stanford University Press.

“Семья и коммунизм,” Коммунистка, 7 (1920), С. 16-19.

［俄國］Alexandra Kollontay 著，沈雁冰譯，〈未來社會之家庭〉，收入東方雜誌社編，《家庭與婚姻》（上海：商務印書館，1923），頁1-22

許慧琦(2003)。「娜拉」在中國：新女性形象的塑造及其演變（1900s-1930s）。臺北:國立政治大學歷史學系。

葉嘉熾()。