做為儀式性文本的《孝經》：明清士人《孝經》實踐的個案研究

The Classic of Filial Piety as a Ritual Text: Case Studies on the Pratice of Ming-Qing Confucian Scholars

呂妙芬(Miaw-Fen Lu)

《近代史研究所集刊》 60期 (2008/06) Pp. 1-42

https://doi.org/10.6353/BIMHAS.200806.0001

摘要

明清之際，《孝經》具宗教意涵的詮釋有復甦的現象，本文主要選擇從實踐的角度入手，探討幾位士人從事誦唸、觀想或抄寫《孝經》的實踐個案。這些活動並不屬於任何特定教派或學派內的活動，而是個別士人或於日常生活、或於特殊場合，自我創造了儀式的空間，從事有關《孝經》的儀式性行為。而在每一個特殊的儀式時空下，《孝經》也變成一部別具深意的儀式性文本，扮演著傳遞實踐者與更高權威之間溝通與協商的媒介。這些表面上看似雷同的實踐活動，如誦唸經文，在每個實踐者個人的思想脈絡以及不同的儀式情境下，實具有著不同的意義，傳遞著特殊的意涵。這個研究以呂維祺、楊起元、潘平格、許三禮和黃道周為主要討論對象，其成果不僅可與當時的《孝經》論述互觀，也可提供我們對於儀式行為的複雜意涵有進一步的瞭解。

關鍵字

孝經 ； 儀式 ； 呂維祺 ； 楊起元 ； 潘平格 ； 許三禮 ； 黃道周

並列摘要

This paper examines the ritual practice of several Confucian scholars centered on The Classic of Filial Piety, including recitation, copying, and meditating in specially constructed ritual contexts. The scholars discussed here include Yang Qiyuan (1547-1599), Lu Weiqi (1587-1641), Pan Pingge (1610-1677), Xu Sanli (1625-1691), and Huang Daozhou (1585-1646). All of these individuals were renowned Classic of Filial Piety scholars who annotated the text. Each also demonstrated a striking degree of belief in the spiritual power of the text. Although their practices had religious overtones, none of these scholars was a member of a religious organization; rather, many developed their own highly personalized practice of self-cultivation, which they then carried out in ritualized spaces constructed by themselves.
A close analysis of their ritual practices demonstrates how these Confucian scholars created their own unique ritual settings, especially in their private domestic daily lives, and how The Classic of Filial Piety was an integral part of these settings. I also highlight the close relationship between the techniques each man created and his particular interpretation of the text. Despite a common interest in The Classic of Filial Piety and even engagement in similar acts of recitation, these scholars ascribed very different meanings to the text and to their personal practices. The multifarious and unceasing changes of meaning in ritual practice are demonstrated most clearly in these cases. Despite many differences in practice, they all considered The Classic of Filial Piety a special ritual text. Indeed, it became an important medium allowing practitioners to engage in self-cultivation and self-expression, as well as a means of communicating with a higher authority.

並列關鍵字

Xiaojing ； ritual ； Yang Qiyuan ； Lu Weiqi ； Pan Pingge ； Xu Sanli ； Huang Daozhou

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