廣欽老和尚修行論－苦行與念佛並重

Master Kuang-chin's Two Wings of Buddhist Practice-Asceticism and Buddha Name Reciations

黃兆民(Jhao-Min Huang)

《慈濟通識教育學刊》 13期 (2020/12) Pp. 108-126

https://doi.org/10.6755/TCJGE.202012_(13).0004

摘要

在近代中國佛教中，釋廣欽（1892-1986）是苦行實踐的倡議者及成就者，他認為「有苦才有行好修，沒苦就沒道行可言」，可說已將苦行與修行視為同義詞。廣欽所教導弟子的，是能夠自利利他的「菩薩苦行」，亦即在受苦的過程中，成就大乘菩薩的六波羅蜜，作為往生淨土的資糧；也就是說，若是為了眾生而受苦，在過程中又能轉化自心，則能成就布施及智慧；在苦行中不起人我分別，心行平等，一切都不計較，則能成就忍辱及持戒，此外，在苦行中若能心心不離佛，行住坐臥，一舉一動，都在念佛，則能成就禪定及精進。廣欽認為，西方淨土才是修行人的究竟歸依處，因此，他教導弟子苦行中必須念佛，因為念佛才能成就對西方淨土的「信」、「願」、「行」。他認為「帶業往生」只是一種方便說，臨命終時，若業力大於往生西方的願力，那還是不能如願，必須念佛才能消業，消業才能往生。廣欽教導弟子，實修念佛的方法重在心念、專精、且晝夜不間斷、不雜亂，而其下手功夫，則是從口念、耳聽、心想開始，直至一心念佛不亂，如此才能因念佛得定而發明智慧，修行成就。

關鍵字

廣欽 ； 苦行 ； 六波羅蜜 ； 念佛 ； 帶業往生

並列摘要

Among modern Chinese Buddhists, Master Kuang-chin(1892-1986) is widely regarded as an accomplished ascetic practitioner and a proponent for asceticism. His famous aphorism ＂practice without asceticism is no practice at all＂ sees practice and asceticism as one and the same. His teaching on ＂Bodhisattva Asceticism＂ is, in essence, self-benefiting altruism. In suffering, one accomplishes the Six Perfections in Mahayana Buddhism, and gains merits for reincarnation to the Pure Land. Generosity and wisdom are attained if one's mind is transformed while suffering for sentient beings. Patience and discipline are attained if no judgments and preferences are made. Meditative concentration and diligence are attained if the mind is fixed on the Buddha and recite his name at all times. Kuang-chin maintained that the Western Pure Land is the ultimate destination for practitioners. Therefore, his ascetic teaching focuses on reciting the Buddha's name, which in turn realizes the ＂faith, will, and practice＂ that lead to the Western Pure Land. He believed that it was not possible for practitioners to take residual karma along with them to the Pure Land, as this theory was merely a temporary expedient. If one's karma was stronger than one's will to be reincarnated in the Western Pure Land, the ideal reincarnation could not be fulfilled. Only by reciting the Buddha's name can one eliminate the karma, and to be born again into the Pure Land. In Kuang-chin's teachings, the key to recitation is to have one's mind extremely focused, unperturbed at all times. One may begin with voicing out the Buddha's name, followed by mindful listening until the mind is fixed firmly on the Buddha's name. In this state of Samadhi, wisdom may arise which leads us to attainment.

並列關鍵字

Master Kuang-chin ； Ascetic Practices ； Six Perfections ； Buddha-Name Recitation ； Taking residual karma along to the Pure Land