Taiwan's Aborigines' Attitudes toward Representation of Aboriginal Architectural Heritage

臺灣原住民對建築遺產再現的觀感

邱麗蓉(Lih-Rong Chiou)

《地理學報》 94期 (2019/12) Pp. 1-25

https://doi.org/10.6161/jgs.201912_(94).0001

摘要

Aborigines and their heritage have been very broadly appropriated as attractions in Aboriginal tourism. Many studies argue that Aboriginal tourism encompasses a range of complex and multi-layered issues, including misrepresentation, commodification, management and control of Aboriginal heritage. Architectural heritage is a vital aspect of Aboriginal tourism. In the 1980s, two cultural villages were developed in Taiwan to represent Aboriginal architectural heritage: the Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village (FACV) established by a private tourist enterprise, and the Taiwan Indigenous Culture Park (TICP) developed by governmental department. Based on the review of heritage representation of cultural villages, cultural commodification, stereotypes, cultural identity and the links between them, this study explores Taiwanese Aborigines' attitudes towards representation of architectural heritage in the two Aboriginal cultural villages. Qualitative research analysis reveals that about two-thirds of respondents disagree the representation of the two cultural villages that relocate such heritage within a new contextual arrangement by displaying replicated buildings or furniture, and break the link between Aboriginal architectural heritage and its villages. However, since almost all the traditional houses have been demolished, Aboriginal architectural heritage has temporarily lost its association with Aboriginal places. From the long-term perspective, about one-third respondents think that the reconstruction of Aboriginal houses in the two sites could contribute to the preservation of Aboriginal architectural heritage, and provide tourists with certain information about Aboriginal architectural culture. Regarding cultural commodification of heritage representation, about three quarters of respondents claim that the TICP and the FACV have commodified Aboriginal architectural heritage for tourist consumption, leading to its loss of intrinsic meaning and significance in relation to Aboriginal cultures. However, this study argues that the distortion of Aboriginal heritage does not result from appropriating heritage for tourist purpose, but from inadequate governmental regulations, and inappropriate attitudes of governmental officers and developers, as well as how they alter heritage. Additionally, respondents including Aboriginal activists, governmental officers and developers of the two sites insist on the significance of involving Aborigines and Aboriginal community resources in the development of the two sites to ensure a meaningful heritage representation and sustainable tourism development. Ultimately, based on the trend of Aboriginal models of heritage practice, this study highlights that Taiwan's Aborigines themselves need to define the appropriation and representation of Aboriginal heritage, and the experience for visitors based on their unique heritage values. By managing, representing and interpreting Taiwan's Aboriginal heritage, Taiwan's Aborigines could present new ways of 'being' that challenges perceived Aboriginal identity or even stereotypes.

關鍵字

Aboriginal tourism ； architectural heritage representation ； cultural villages ； cultural commodification ； cultural identity

並列摘要

原住民與其遺產被廣泛運用在遊憩產業中，許多研究指出，此類遊憩發展產生許多涉及錯誤的文化再現、商品化、遺產管理與控制等複雜議題，亦顯示不同利害關係者的價值取向與觀點。建築遺產是原住民遊憩中的重要層面，臺灣有兩座文化村再現原住民的建築遺產，一座是由遊憩企業開發的「九族文化村」，另一座是政府部門發展出的「臺灣原住民族文化園區」。本研究回顧與探討全球文化村在遺產再現上的特性與評價，以及原住民遊憩中文化商品化、刻板印象與文化認同等議題，並透過質性研究發現，約有三分之二的受訪者反對兩座文化村將建築遺產脫離原有部落環境的再現方式。然而，由於多數原住民傳統建築在原住民部落環境中幾近消失的現實狀況，導致原住民建築遺產與其部落環境失去連結，因而約有三分之一受訪者從長期的觀點，認為兩個文化村透過再現傳統建築與聚落環境的方式，在現階段實為一種原住民建築遺產保存的可行方式，並可提供遊客相關的知識與訊息。針對兩個園區的遊憩發展會造成原住民文化的商業化的議題，約有四分之三受訪者認為，兩個園區的建築遺產再現影響原住民文化的意義與價值，亦有半數的受訪者認為，兩個園區的遺產再現會強化對原住民負面的刻板印象。綜合而論，本研究發現，原住民遺產的破壞並非來自於遊憩的發展，而是來自於政府部門不適切的法規體制，以及不當的實務執行態度與方法，導致輕率地改變文化呈現的內容。此外，原住民積極分子、分別經營兩個園區的政府部門與遊憩企業的受訪者均強調，應於遺產再現中引入原住民及部落社區資源，以確保遺產再現的意義與永續的發展。從全球強調原住民觀點的遺產管理趨勢而論，本研究強調，臺灣原住民應基於其對遺產的特有價值觀，更加積極參與對原住民遺產的援用與再現，以及決定提供給遊客體驗的內容，以利臺灣原住民透過對原住民遺產的管理、再現與詮釋，改善過去的刻板印象與文化認同問題，產生一種新的存在價值。

並列關鍵字

原住民旅遊 ； 建築遺產再現 ； 文化村 ； 文化商品化 ； 文化認同

參考文獻

Ames, M. M. 1992. Cannibal tours and glass boxes: The Anthropology of Museums. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Berg, D. 2001. Wu Jinfa and the melancholy mountain forests of China’s border’s cultures: New voices in Taiwanese literature. In In search of the hunters and their tribes: Studies in the history and culture of the Taiwan indigenous people, ed. D. Faure, 202-40. Taipei: SMC Publishing.

Boorstin, D. J. 1971. The image: A guide to pseudo-events in America. New York: Atheneum.

Bruner, E. M. 1994. Abraham Lincoln as authentic representation: a critique of postmodernism. American Anthropologist 96 (2): 397-415.

Bruner, E. M. 2005. Culture on tour: Ethnographies of travel. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.