莊子、王夫之逍遙觀之異同

A Comparison between the Concept of Xiaoyao in Zhuang Zi and Wang Fuzhi's Annotation to Zhuang Zi

譚明冉(Ming-Ran Tan)

《哲學與文化》 32卷10期 (2005/10) Pp. 171-181

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200510.0171

摘要

本文認為，莊子的逍遙實際上是心靈認識到宇宙本體後而達到的無遮蔽狀態，和對一切可能性的安然接受。「小大之辨」乃是莊子達到逍遙的手段，其目的在於破「小」以立「大」：「大」是心靈的無遮蔽狀態，「小」是心靈對外物或觀念的固執。由此得出，以郭象為代表的「足性逍遙」乃是對莊子逍遙遊的曲解。王夫之生於郭象之後，對莊子、郭象二者的觀點既有吸收，又有批判。一方面他從心或主觀的角度解釋逍遙，繼承了莊子從心靈上論述逍遙，避免了郭象對客觀命定論的無可奈何；同時又改造了郭象的性分說，將對性分的被動接受變成主動的認可。同郭象一樣，王夫之也忽視了莊子的「小大之辨」。但是，王夫之的這種改造本質上是以儒家的義命觀來詮釋逍遙，他賦予逍遙以儒家的相天思想，使逍遙具有儒家的價值指向，並藉此對莊子加以批判。王夫之的改造無疑狹隘化了逍遙固有的天地境界，使之褪化為儒家的人文關懷。

關鍵字

逍遙 ； 性 ； 心 ； 命 ； 小大之辨 ； 無辨 ； 莊子 ； 郭象 ； 王夫之 ； 齊物論

並列摘要

In this essay, the author indicates that Zhuang Zi's xiaoyao is the enlightened state after the mind achieves its union with the ultimate reality of the universe. In this state, the mind will acknowledge that all is possible. On the basis of this understanding, the author thinks that the purpose of Zhuang Zi's emphasis on the 「distinction between largeness and smallness」 is to advocate 「largeness」 through transcending 「smallness」. 「Largeness」 refers to the enlightened state of the mind, while 「smallness」 the adherence or attachment to external objects or opinions. From this, the author regards Guo Xiang's doctrine, which Xiaoyao would be achieved once one fulfilled his nature, as a distorted interpretation of Zhuang Zi's thought. Wang Fuzhi, coming after Zhuang Zi and Guo Xiang, had the chance to build his unique interpretation of Xiaoyao through inheriting and criticizing the doctrines of his predecessors. On the one hand, Wang inherited Zhuang Zi's emphasis on the freedom and subjectivity of the mind, and avoided Guo Xiang's fatalism. On the other hand, Wang substituted active confrontation to nature and lot for Guo Xiang's passive acceptance. Also, like Guo Xiang, Wang ignored the importance of the E distinction between largeness and smallness1. In short, Wang Fuzhi's interpretation is rather a Confucian understanding of Xiaoyao than a Daoist reading. Actually, Wang Fuzhi was using Confucian doctrine of righteousness and mandate to interpret Zhuang Zi's Xiaoyao, so he did not hesitate to criticize Zhuang Zi and endowed Xiaoyao with Confucian thoughts of assisting the transformation of Heaven. Wang Fuzhi's interpretation undoubtedly degraded Zhuang Zi's Xiaoyao from the realm of Heaven and Earth to Confucian humanity concernment.

並列關鍵字

Happy Excursion ； Distinction Between Largeness and Smallness ； nature ； mind ； mandate no distinction ； Wang Fuzhi ； Zhuang Zi ； Guo Xiang ； Qi Wu Lun