兩種逍遙與兩種自由

Two Kinds of Xiaoyao and Two Kinds of Freedom

劉笑敢(Xiao-Gan Liu)

《哲學與文化》 33卷7期 (2006/07) Pp. 29-42

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200607.0029

摘要

莊子的自由追求逍遙於四海之外，無極之野，是超越現實既定境遇的精神感受。郭象的自由則是安於性分或自足其性的逍遙，是安於現實的既定境遇的心境。莊子與郭象是兩種逍遙的代表，也是中國古代傳統中的自由傳統的主要代表。
莊子和郭象這種內在感受式的自由傳統與現代的或西方的突出個人自主性的自由傳統有根本不同。然而，這兩種不同的自由傳統並不是完全不相干的，而是可以銜接或轉化的。
按照柏林的自由理論，莊子和郭象的逍遙就是從否定方面定義的自由、或曰有限定性的自由的進一步發展。因此，中國古代的逍遙傳統與現代的政治方面的自由是人類所追求的自由光譜中的不同區域。二者各有不可替代的現實意義和理論意義，並且是可以互補的。

關鍵字

莊子 ； 郭象 ； 柏林 ； 逍遙 ； 既定境遇 ； 自由

並列摘要

Chuang Tzu's philosophy features xiaoyao or ”free and easy wandering,” which denotes a spiritual journey beyond the earthly world and life and enlightening experience in union with Dao or the universe. Guo Xiang, the historically recognized commentator of the Chuang Tzu, however, re-directs the term xiaoyao to the everyday world based on individual nature and destiny. Thus, Chuang Tzu's theories represent the spiritual transcend freedom, and Guo's the worldly boundless feelings. Chuang and Guo together may be taken as typical philosophers who represent prevailing notion of personal freedom in traditional China.
The positions of Chuang and Guo, with their traditional Eastern notion of freedom, seem to be in opposition to modern or Western concepts of freedom, which could be represented by Isaiah Berlin, who proposes the two well-known concepts of liberty, namely, negative freedom and positive freedom. Although negative freedom suggests a bound of freedom for an individual or a body of people, and the positive freedom suggests no such bound, they are both political and active liberty in social life. Thus, the two kinds of freedom are rather different from Chuang and Guo's xiaoyao.
However, there is not an abyss between modern concepts of liberty and traditional notions of xiaoyao. According to Berlin, one must liberate oneself from desires that one knows one cannot realize. It is as if one had performed a strategic retreat into an inner citadel-one's own reason and soul. Thus, we can say that the two kinds of xiaoyao of Chuang and Guo are just a kind of retreat from true life and the miserable world. However, unlike what Berlin has said, the spiritual freedom proposed by Chuang and Guo is not so passive: it has deep insight and foresight into how we should face dangerous and uncontrollable situations.

並列關鍵字

Chuang Tzu ； Guo Xiang ； Isaiah Berlin ； xiaoyao ； freedom ； given circumstances