勞工作業場所六價鉻暴露之風險評估

Assessment of Cancer Risk Due to Exposure to Chromium (Ⅵ) in the Workplace

吳焜裕(Kuen-Yuh Wu) ； 黃鈺芳(Yu-Fang Huang) ； 吳幸娟(Hsing-Chuan Wu) ； 湯大同(Da-Toung Tang) ； 詹長權(Chang-Chuan Chan)

《勞工安全衛生研究季刊》 15卷2期 (2007/06) Pp. 105-115

https://doi.org/10.7005/JOSH.200706.0105

摘要

我國的風險評估制度自2003年經行政院永續會決議建立，並於2004年公告健康風險評估指引。依此原則，勞工安全衛生研究所在建議有害物質容許濃度需以健康風險評估為基礎。因此，勞工安全衛生研究所根據永續會健康風險評估指引，參考國際上廣為接受的風險評估方法及相關機構對職業危害暴露與進行風險評估的相關文獻，並整合國內專家學者的意見，建立我國以健康風險評估為基礎的職業暴露容許濃度架構，完成「職場中化學物質暴露風險評估技術規範」。
本研究方法係根據此規範，以六價鉻致癌物質為例，收集國際上先進國家執行以健康風險評估作為制定容許濃度經驗的資料，按照規範中的程序與步驟，從收集文獻毒理與流病資料、系統性文獻回顧、致病機制的鑑定，利用基準劑量(Benchmark dose, BMD)軟體執行致癌與非致癌的風險評估，並建議容許濃度給REL委員會。結果顯示：基準劑量模式推估得到基準劑量下限(BMDL)為2.54×10^(-2)mg/立方公尺，再估算致癌斜率因子(CSF)為3.94(mg/kg-day)^(-1)，經由公式計算最後得到六價鉻致癌物質的建議容許濃度為2.54×10^(-4)mg/立方公尺。
根據此規範流程執行並完成六價鉻健康風險評估的結果，可以提供給相關單位參考應用以制訂能廣為接受的容許濃度標準，隨著科學進步，在新的科學證據出現以前，容許濃度仍需要重新檢討與評估，以妥善維護勞工安全衛生並提升國家經濟競爭力。

關鍵字

健康風險評估指引 ； 六價鉻 ； 基準劑量

並列摘要

In 2003, a health risk assessment (HRA) system was set up by the Sustainable Development Committee (SDC) of the Taiwan Executive Yuan. Subsequently, a health risk assessment guideline was released by the SDC in early 2004. This guideline requires health risk assessments to serve as a scientific basis for the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) when regulating chemical hazards in the workplace.
Literature on chromium (VI) was systematically reviewed to evaluate the toxicity and health effects of Cr (VI) and to identify the mechanisms associated with adverse health effects caused by Cr (VI). In addition, the cancer risk of Cr (VI) was assessed using Benchmark dose (BMD) software and the recommended exposure limit (REL) calculated using the health risk assessment for IOSH.
Based on results from the Benchmark dose software, the lower confidence limit of BMD (BMDL) was estimated at 2.54×10^(-2)mg/m^3 Cr (VI). The cancer slope factor (CSF) of Cr (VI) was determined to be 3.94 (mg/kg-day)^(-1). The REL of Cr (VI) is 2.54×10^(-4) mg/m^3.
It is necessary to prevent exposure to toxic chemicals in the workplace, and integrating the most advanced techniques with the latest scientific knowledge and data in the HRA yields permissible exposure limits (PELs) in accord with those issued by international societies. Since risk assessment is a continually improving process, PELs may need reassessment periodically, especially after the discovery of new information. The HRA ensures that workers are well protected, taking into account the latest advances in science and technology.

並列關鍵字

Health risk assessment ； Chromium Ⅵ ； Benchmark dose

參考文獻

Chan CC,Wu. K.Y.(The final report to Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affair. Risk Assessment for Chemical Exposures in Workplaces-a pilot study).

Crump KS(1984).A new metgod for determining allowable daily intakes.Fund Appl Toxiciol.4,854-871.

U.S. EPA(2000).Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance Document.External Review Draft.

Filiposson AF,Sand S,Nilsson J,Victorin K(2003).The benchmark dose method-review of available models, and recommendations for application in health risk assessment.Critical Reviews in Toxicology.33,505-542.

U.S. EPA(1998).Toxicological review of hexavalent chromium.Washington, DC:U.S. EPA.