基於虛擬情境的教學模式研究

基於虛擬情境的教學模式是指運用虛擬現實（virtual reality）技術，在電腦上創建各種虛擬情境，（如，虛擬課堂、虛擬實驗室和虛擬社區等），使學生在一種身臨其境的環境下進行學習、研究、探索、體驗的穩定的教學結構形式。本文在對基於虛擬情境的教學模式進行全面分析的基礎上，從“虛擬情境”這一概念入手，對當前國內外基於虛擬情境的教學模式以及典範案例進行研究。根據虛擬情境在教學模式中的作用程度，筆者依據虛擬情境在教學過程中作用程度的“變數”與“取值”兩個向度，將基於虛擬情境的教學模式分爲由“低建構”到“高建構”的三種類型，並分別選取典型的教學模式虛擬實驗室、微型世界和教師虛擬學習空間（VLS）進行案例研究。虛擬實驗室，是利用虛擬現實技術仿真或虛構某些情境，供學生觀察與操縱其中的物件，使他們獲得體驗或有所發現。虛擬實驗室的虛擬情境以仿真和模拟爲主，情境屬“低建構”的，變數都是可以控制和設計的。即使在有的物理、化學實驗中，可以對一些變數進行設計，進而增強學習者學習過程中的互動，但是，這種設計也是可以控制的。在課堂教學中，“虛擬實驗室”一般借助教學模拟軟體來進行；微型世界（microworld）是利用電腦模拟方法構造一種可供學習者自由探索的學習環境，讓學習者通過操縱其中的物件來形成操作技能和解決問題的能力。微型世界的基本特點是學習者可操縱模拟環境中的物件，可建構自己的實驗系統，可測試實驗系統的行爲。特別是有些微型世界綜合了多種學習活動，使學習者在操作和建構的過程中，綜合運用多種學科的知識，提高了解決真實、複雜問題的能力；教師虛擬學習空間是由溫特貝爾特大學認知與技術小組的林曉東、約翰．布朗斯福特等設計的一個基於虛擬情境的跨文化教師培訓專案，在這一專案中，情境是典型的“高建構”類型。此專案的主要目的是設計、實施和研究某些具有發展前景的基於技術的虛擬環境，以支援不同文化背景的教師的反思、合作性學習，幫助基礎教育階段的教師在與同伴的互動中，重新思考應該教什麽、怎麽教，以及如何對學生進行評價，幫助來自不同文化背景的教師豐富其知識內容、提高教學方法與技巧、培養欣賞和與有著不同背景的同事及學習者一起工作的態度。

關鍵字

教學模式；虛擬情境；虛擬實驗室；微型世界；教師虛擬學習空間

並列摘要

Teaching Models based on virtual situation is a stable teaching structure form which use the virtual reality technology construct many kinds of virtual learning situation(or envirment)for the learners to learn, research, explore and experience. This paper will first anlysis the general ideas of this kind of teaching models and then start with the concept ”virtual situation” to study three typical cases of them. Accoroding to the degree that the virtual situation act on the teaching models, we'll divided them into three types from ”lower construction” to” higher construction” based on the following two levels: variable and ”value take”, then choose three typical cases: Virtual Lab, Microworld and VLS (Virtual learning space for teachers) to study futher. In Virtual Lab, the teacher use virtual reality technology to simulate many kinds of situation for the students to observe and manage the objectives and experience in it. The mainly virtual situation of Virtual Lab are limtation or imitation. All the situations belongs to the ”lower construction” level, and can design and controll. Mostly, the teaching of virtual lab is surported by the instruction software, and used in the physics and chemistry experimental teaching. Micoworld mainly use computer analogue approaches to construct a kind of learning envirment for the learners to explore freely. So the learners can get the operation skills and problem-solving ability. The basic feature of this teaching model is that the learner can manage and limiate the objectives of the learning envirment, construct the experimental systems of themselves, assess the behaviors of this systems. VLS (Virtual Learning Spaces for Teachers: A Study of Culturally Rich, Interactive, Scalable Environments for Helping Teachers Learn) is a project produced by The Cognition and Technology Group of Vanderbilt University. The goal of this project is to design, implement and study some highly promising technology-based environments that support reflective, collaborative learning and that have important implications for helping K-12 teachers rethink what should be taught, how it should be taught, and how learning should be assessed. Our goals include helping teachers increase their content knowledge, pedagogical skills, and abilities to appreciate and work with students and colleagues from diverse backgrounds.

並列關鍵字

teaching models ； virtual situation ； Virtual Lab ； Microworld ； VLS

參考文獻

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