《唐律·職制律》沿革考

A Research into the Evolution of the Administrative Regulations (職制律Zhizhi Lü)

桂齊遜(Chi-Shun Guei)

《通識研究集刊》 12期 (2007/12) Pp. 63-92

https://doi.org/10.6488/JCGE.200712.0063

摘要

《唐律•職制律》是《唐律》諸篇中的第三篇，主要內容是在規定官司一般犯罪之處分方式。關於《唐律•職制律》之淵源，《唐疏議議》限於材料上之侷限，故僅溯及西晉之〈違制律〉。然而，此一論述，頗有訛誤之處。
按《尚書•商書•伊訓》所云：「制《官刑》儆于有位」，這是說商湯氏曾製頒《官刑》，用以儆戒百官－是為我國古代朝廷關於整肅官箴之濫觴。
又據《睡虎地秦簡》可知，在秦律中即有〈司空律〉、〈置吏律〉、〈行書律〉、〈內史雜律〉、〈尉雜律〉、〈除吏律〉、〈除弟子律〉及《法律答問》等諸篇，均屬處置官吏一般犯罪的法律規定。而漢初呂后二年的《二年律令》，亦有〈置吏律〉一篇，亦屬類似規範，凡此均屬利用新出土史料，以補古籍不足之例。
在《（曹）魏律》之中，有〈請賕律〉一篇，依《晉書•刑法志》的記載，可知亥篇律文應是關於整肅官箴的具體規範－準此而言，則以單行律名篇，用以整頓官僚文化之律文，應是始自《魏律•請賕律》，而非《晉律•違制律》，故《唐律•職制律》卷首疏議於此有誤。
而自從《晉律•違制律》之後，無論南北朝，均置此律，只是排序有所不同。嗣後隋文帝開皇三年修訂《開皇律》時，始將本篇更名為〈職制律〉，並提升至第三篇，《唐律》沿而不改。
《宋刑統•職制律》與《唐律．職制律》略同，惟在編輯體例上二者稍異；元律雖已失傳，但《元典章•吏部篇》之下，仍分〈職制〉、〈吏制〉及〈公規〉等三目；而明律、清律的〈吏律〉部份，亦分〈職制〉、〈公式〉等二目－凡此均得視為《唐律•職制律》在日後的遞嬗變遷。

關鍵字

唐律 ； 職制律 ； 官箴

並列摘要

The Administrative Regulations is the third section in The Tang Code (唐律Tanglü), it stipulated how to punish court officials when they break the laws. In the Tanglü Shuyi, due to materials were insufficient, it only retraced to the Wéizhi Lü. (違制律) in the Jin dynasty. However the point at this issue seems had mistakes.
According to the Shang shu(尚書), Shāng Tang had proclaimed the Guanxing(官刑) to regulate court officials. This is the origin to screw up on admonition for officials in ancient China.
In the Shuihudi Qin Code (睡虎地秦律) and the Fălüdáwèn (法律答問), had this similar regulations for officials. Also can find such regulations in the Ernian Lüling(二年律令) in the Han dynasty. All these excavated documents and materials can supply the insufficiency of history.
According to the fin shu, there had the Qingqiúlü (請賕律) in the Wei Code (Wei Lü 魏律)that is the earliest formal law to regulate court officials. Therefore, the Tanglü Shuyi mistook the origin of the Zhizhi Lü.
After the Wéizhi Lü in the fin Code (Jin Lü晉律), the Northern and Southern dynasty also had the Wéizhi Lü. In the Shu dynasty, the Wéizhi Lü had been altered to the Zhizhi Lü and been placed in the third section of the Kaihuang Code (Kaihuang Lü 開皇律).
The Zhizhi Lü in The Criminal Law of Song Dynasty (the Songxingtǒng 宋刑統) was basically similar to the Tang code. In the Yüan Code (the Yüan Lü 元律), the Ming Code(the Ming Lü 明律) and the Qing Code(the Qing Lü 清律)all have the Li Code (the Li Lü ) and in the Li Code there are two sections: Zhizh and Gōngshi. This could consider as an evolvement from The Tang Code.

並列關鍵字

The Tang Code ； Zhizhi Lü ； screw up on admonition for officials