中華文化思想中“天”的混同與“人”的失落－董仲舒天人合一說析評

The Discord Harmony of Heaven Majesty (HM) and Value Vanish of Human Being (HB) in Chinese Culture-An Analysis of the Concord Theory of HM vs. HB Proposed by Dong Zhong Shu

張鈞莉(Chun-Li Chang)

《中原華語文學報》 4期 (2009/10) Pp. 13-39

https://doi.org/10.30107/CYJTCSL.200910.0002

摘要

董仲舒的天人合一說所引發出的對於天與人之關係的探討，是中華文化思想的一大特色。而他的此一學說也造成了漢代四百餘年的學術思想界學統大亂，曲說偽書疊出。究其原因，歷來諸學者一致認為係在於他的思想駁雜不純。最能說明此駁雜不純之現象的，就是他的天道觀。董仲舒思想中的「天」是一個綜合了儒家的德行天、墨家的意志天、道家的自然天、漢初的陰陽學說，以及他自己個人的強烈政治企圖心，所形成的一個混同的天道觀念。混同，是董仲舒整體思想的共同特色，而以表現在其天道觀中者最為明確。
而當他本著這樣一個混同的天道觀來建構他著名的「天人合一」學說時，所產生的影響是：「人」的地位非但沒有如他預期地達到「超然萬物之上，而最為天下貴也」（《春秋繁露‧天地陰陽》），反而完全失落了「人之所以為人」的價值所在－並且是包括了人的生理構造、心理活動，乃至於為善的動機、成德的能力等各方面，全面性的一種價值失落，亦即人的存在性、主體性、主動性、展望性，全面起了動搖。這是董仲舒學說最大的、最可悲的問題所在。

關鍵字

董仲舒 ； 天人合一說 ； 混同 ； 天道觀 ； 人道觀 ； 價值失落

並列摘要

The theory of Dong Zhong Shu tried to explain the relations between HM and HB induced many discussions of HM vs. HB which became a distinguished feature of Chinese culture. However, at the same time Dong's theory not merely derived many writings of incorrect thoughts but also created chaos in various cultural fields which last 400 years throughout the entire Han Dynasty. It is generally agreed by scholars ever since, the reason of the disaster mainly incurred from Dong's cognitions conflict of HM.
In his confused theory of HM, Dong's cognition of HM is a confluence of Moral Heaven of Confucianism, Will Heaven of Muoism, Natural Heaven of Daoism, and Yin-Yang (Binary) theory newly formed at early Han Dynasty mixed with his strong personal political ambition, altogether they rendered a concept of Heaven Majesty (HM) in discord harmony. The discord harmony is the feature of Dong's network of thoughts, it is most distinguishably reflected in his cognition of HM.
Based on this discord harmony theory of HM, when he attempted to build up the notorious Concord theory of HM vs. HB, in contrary to his expectation, the level of Human Being (HB) is not ”ascending to above all creatures, becomes the most valuable on earth”-digested from Dong's [Chun-Qiu-Fan-Lu], but lost all values of HB from the aspects of biological structure, psychological activities, motivation of good will and capabilities of better morality.
In other word, it overwhelmingly shook the ground of the existence of human being, as well as the subjectivity, positivity and prospectivity. This is the most profound and pathetic problem of Dong's theory.

並列關鍵字

Dong Zhong Shu ； Concord theory of HM vs. HB ； Discord Harmony ； Concept of Heaven Majesty ； Concept of Human Being Humanism ； Value vanish lost of value

參考文獻

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