Modern Buddhism Without Modernity? Zhaijiao (＂Vegetarian Sects＂) and the Hidden Genealogy of ＂Humanistic Buddhism＂ in Late Imperial China

現當代以前的現代佛教？做為民間佛教的明清齋教與「人間佛教」的隱藏系譜初探

百可思(Nikolas Broy)

《禪與人類文明研究》 1期 (2016/12) Pp. 55-82

摘要

＂Humanistic Buddhism＂ is generally acknowledged as a purely modern phenomenon in the history of Chinese Buddhism which came into being only after the advent of reformist activities in both monastic and lay circles since the late nineteenth century. In my paper I will show that several central aspects of ＂Buddhism in the human realm＂ can be found in the Zhaijiao (＂Vegetarian Sects＂) tradition in late imperial China and Taiwan. Zhaijiao is a common collective designation given to the three religious traditions: Longhuapai 龍華派 or ＂Dragon Flower Sect,＂ Jintongpai 金幢派 or ＂Gold Pennant Sect,＂ and Xiantianpai 先天派 or ＂Former Heaven Sect.＂ Founded during the late Ming through mid-Qing period in southern China, they were introduced to Taiwan by the middle of the eighteenth century. Today, Zhaijiao is regarded as a form of lay or popular Buddhism both by the general public as well as by most (Western) scholarship. These sects, however, share many traits with the rich tradition of ＂popular religious sects＂ which flourished in late imperial Southern China. I will show that this strand of ＂non-monastic＂ popular Buddhism already highlighted many aspects of renjian Fojiao which may alert us to rethink the conventional genealogy of ＂Humanistic Buddhism＂ in modern China.

關鍵字

modern Buddhism ； renjian Fojiao ； Humanistic Buddhism ； Zhaijiao ； Vegetarian Sects

並列摘要

學者一般認為所謂「人間佛教」，是現代社會條件下形成的改革中國佛教的運動，特別強調「人間佛教」與現代性的密切關係。本文主張「人間佛教」不是現代轉變下才呈現的一個現象，而是明清時代作為「民間佛教教派」的齋教已有的宗教思想與實踐。齋教，尤其是明末清初在福建流行的龍華派，以羅祖著的《五部六冊》裏的反儀式、反偶像崇拜思想為主，已展示「人間佛教」的特徵。因此，本文闡述明清齋教思想其實是「人間佛教」思潮的一個前身，從而質疑所謂現代宗教思想與現代性的關係。

並列關鍵字

現代佛教 ； 人間佛教 ； 入世佛教 ； 民間佛教 ； 齋教