Gushan Zhiyuan: Interpreting the Buddha- Nature of Insentient Beings through the Notions of Mind-Inclusion and Mind-Contemplation

孤山智圓：從心具和觀心的向度詮釋無情佛性思想

釋見額(Shuman Chen)

《禪與人類文明研究》 1期 (2016/12) Pp. 83-112

摘要

Using textual analysis, this paper examines Gushan Zhiyuan's interpretation of the Buddha-nature of insentient beings. In the Jin'gangpi xianxing lu, a commentary on Zhanran's Jin'gangpi, Zhiyuan deems the concepts of inclusion and contemplation, closely associated with the mind, as prerequisites for justifying the Buddha-nature of insentient beings. The mind, as an agent, possesses and includes all the three thousand dharmas; the mind, as a thinking being, can contemplate its own three thousand dharmas of/in/as one moment of thought. Because all dharmas are included in the all-pervasive minds of sentient beings who have Buddha-nature, it is valid to suggest that insentient beings also have Buddha-nature. Zhiyuan, however, underscores that insentient beings per se cannot engage in spiritual practice or attain Buddhahood because they have no minds. This view of Zhiyuan's, I argue, contradicts Zhanran's philosophy, for Zhanran does imply in the Jin'gangpi that insentient beings can attain Buddhahood. I suggest that, by considering the Buddha-nature of insentient beings completely contingent on the mind, Zhiyuan, to some extent, denies their Buddha-nature. This paper challenges Zhiyuan's implication that sentient beings' Buddha-nature possesses insentient beings, which differs from Zhanran's assertion that insentient beings themselves really possess Buddha-nature.

關鍵字

Buddha-nature ； mind-inclusion ； matter-inclusion ； mind-contemplation ； three thousand

並列摘要

本文採用文本分析的方法，旨在探討宋朝天台宗學人孤山智圓對於「無情佛性思想」的觀點與詮釋方法。在他的〈金剛錍顯性錄〉裏，智圓指出唯有透過「心具」和「觀心」這二個向度，才能正確瞭解湛然所提出的無情佛性思想。智圓認為，心是一切之主，心具三千諸法，眾生因為有心故能思慮，故能思惟己之一念三千。因為萬法皆含具在眾生之心中，又因為眾生有佛性，所以吾人才能說無情萬法也有佛性。然而，智圓進一步強調因為無情無心，所以無情本身並沒有能力修行，無法成就佛道。筆者認為，智圓這個看法有違湛然的本意，因為湛然在他的〈金剛錍〉一文中，明確提出無情也能成就佛道的論點。筆者認為，如果吾人一味地從「心」的角度來闡釋無情佛性思想，就某種程度而言，等於否定無情也有佛性。本文即試圖證明智圓的論點猶如在闡揚「眾生的佛性有無情」，和湛然的「無情有佛性」的觀點大相逕庭。

並列關鍵字

佛性 ； 心具 ； 色具 ； 觀心 ； 三千