東華大學校外宿舍火災案例場模式模擬研究

Fire Simulation and Analysis for an Off-campus Dormitory on Dong Hwa University

陳盈碩(Ying-Shuo Chen)

指導教授 ： 林誠興

元智大學/工程學院/機械工程學系/碩士(2011年)

摘要

在台灣地區使用鐵皮材料的建築是一種常見的元素，因其擁有易於施工、建築速度快且經濟便宜的因素，致使人民接受度高而普遍興建。以鐵皮材料為結構之主體，在建築物中已佔了絕大的比重，像是工廠廠房、停車場、頂樓加蓋甚至住家…等等。由火災發生的現象可知，鐵皮屋發生火災時，會使屋內溫度快速上升，而造成悶燒情況發生，因鐵皮屋結構大都無防火區劃之空間設計，而缺乏獨立逃生的額外空間，往往造成逃生不易，且一般舊式鐵皮建築大都為單一逃生路徑，若起火源於逃生大門附近，火舌延燒，易造成濃煙迅速擴散至各區域產生「煙囪效應」，又因內部幾乎與外界隔絕，大量濃煙將會在內部積聚並蔓延至其它區間，嚴重阻礙人員避難逃生。所以，針對鐵皮建築的防火設計必須詳加考慮，才能提高人身安全性。
本研究案例本案例就是典型的鐵皮式住宅建築，其鐵皮屋結構狹長，內部前方停放大量的機車，及後方加蓋為學生套房外租給學生，而火災發生時，由於鐵皮屋內前方停放大量的機車，造成火災一發不可收拾。消防隊獲報後，雖於短時間抵達現場搶救，但因起火點位於唯一出入口，卻又停滿機車的車棚，導致逃生困難，造成學生套房外租學生不幸罹難。本研究利用美國國家標準局火災實驗室所發展之FDS火災模擬軟體，以電腦數值模擬鐵皮屋火場各物理現象，以期還原當時火場狀況，並研究火場中溫度場、濃度場之分佈與變化，針對不同參數改變來探討相關參數對火場與逃生時間的影響，將分析的結果提供防火工程上做為參考。

關鍵字

鐵皮屋 ； 場模式 ； 火災 ； FDS

並列摘要

Metal sheet is a common materials used for building construction in Taiwan, because it is easy and fast in construction and cheap in coet, iron sheet building has been widely accepted by Taiwanese people. A large proportion of the main structure in buildings is using the steel materials, such as factory buildings, car parks, rooftop addition and even person’s house and so on. It can be seen from the fire scenario that metal sheet house rising its indoor temperature rapidly, and causing smolder phenomenon, Because most of iron-sheeted structure lack of the fire compartments design and extra space for independent escape , often resulting in difficult for personnel escape. Generally most of the old metal building as a single escape route, if the flames near the door, the fire smoke could spread rapidly producing the "chimney effect", smoke accumulation become a serious obstacle to staff evacuation. Therefore, fire safety design for metal buildings must be carefully considered in order to protect personnel security.
This study is a typical case of the iron-sheet residential building, a narrow metal housing structure, in front of the internal area is the parking lot for motorcycles and the rear parts build student apartments leased to students. A fire occurred from the front parking lot which is filled with motorcycles and out of control fastly. As the Fire Brigade received report, and rushed to the scene for rescue, the fire point is the only entrance, but motorcycles hindered escape route leading to students killed in the fire. In this study, FDS fire simulation software developed by the National Bureau of Standards fire laboratory has been used for simulating the physical phenomena of iron sheet house fire in order to restore the situation at the scene, and to study the distribution and change of the temperature and concentration field in the fire, change different parameters to explore the the impact of parameters on fire and escape time. The simulation results provide a reference for fire protection engineering.

並列關鍵字

Iron-covered House ； Filed Model ； Fire ； FDS

參考文獻

【15】陳俊翰，「木框架之燃燒行為研究」，國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文，2008。

【33】王春財，「桃園縣大園鄉菓林9鄰透天民宅火災模擬」，元智大學機械工程機研所碩士論文，2007.

【4】美國建築與火災研究院,「BFRL-Building and Fire Research Laboratory」。

【6】Noah L. Ryder, Jason A. Sutula, Christopher F. Schemel, Andrew J. Hamer,VincentVan Brunt, 〝Consequence modeling using the fire dynamics simulator〞, Journal ofHazardous Materials, 2004.

【7】Zhiqiang Zhai, Qingyan (Yan) Chen, 〝Numerical determination and treatment of convective heat transfer coefficient in the coupled building energy and CFD simulation〞Building and Environment, pp.1001-1009,2004.