中國城市養老制度的福利階層化

The Welfare Stratification of Aging Population in Urban China

戴慧瑀(Tai, Hui Yu)

指導教授 ： 林宗弘

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/社會學研究所/碩士(2015年)

摘要

本論文的研究主題是中國城市養老制度的福利階層化。目前中國城市養老制度以國家社會保險為主，待遇給付的階層化設計，不僅降低國家福利制度的再分配功能，突顯職業身分的社會不平等，最後導致整個退休人口的福利階層化。本研究借鏡西方福利國家理論中的歷史制度論觀點，疏理過往相關的文獻和政策文件，並赴五個城市開展田野調查，共訪談三十五名退休老人及相關服務工作者。

　　一方面，本研究的觀察發現，當前中國城市退休人口的福利階層化與老年不平等，與今昔的國家制度安排和經濟發展策略密切相關。研究結果指出計畫經濟時期的制度遺緒，包括單位、戶口及幹部身分制度的路徑依賴，是福利階層化和老年不平等的原因。同時，既有的社會階層化與社會不平等得以延續。

　　另一方面，在市場經濟時期的福利供給多元化下，市場機制會加速養老服務的商品化，惡化社會再分配的公平性。上述情形到個人層次時，不同社經地位者的養老經濟安全和照顧資源呈現不均，加上各個福利供給方對老人的差異化服務，老年不平等加劇。在不久將來的市場化與高齡化社會底下，福利階層化與老年不平等的情形恐將更加嚴重。

關鍵字

中國研究 ； 社會福利制度 ； 福利階層化 ； 社會不平等

並列摘要

The study focuses on the welfare stratification of aging population in urban China. In this study, I use the historical institutionalism of Welfare State Theories to study the development of the endowment insurance system. Currently, the welfare institution predominantly bases on the endowment insurance system .Its stratification of transfer payments not only reduces the redistributive function of welfare state, highlights the occupation of social inequality, but leads the welfare stratification of the whole aging population. The study uses the policy documents of endowment insurance and field research in 5 cities, then totally interview 35 retired people and service providers to explain the welfare stratification of aging population in urban China.

　　On the one hand, the study points out institutional legacy of planned economy period that is the reason of the welfare stratification and elderly inequality. According to the path dependence of these legacies, the welfare stratification appears the endowment insurance system, including the work-unit system, the household registration system (hukuo) ,and the cadre administer rank system. Meanwhile, The existing social stratification and social inequality can survive. To sum up, the study finds out the welfare stratification and elderly inequality in urban China closely affects by the institutional arrangements and economic development strategies.

　　On the other hand, under the diversification of welfare supply, the gap of pension and retired resources emerge between people which different socio-economic status. The differentiation services of welfare providers also deteriorate elderly inequality. In the future, the acceleration of marketization will continually threaten the fairness of redistribution. Therefore, without any change, the welfare stratification and elderly inequality will worsen in the aging society.

Keywords: Chinese Studies, social welfare system, welfare stratification, social inequality

並列關鍵字

China Studies ； social welfare system ； social inequality

參考文獻

李易駿、古允文，2003，〈另一個福利世界？東亞發展型福利體制初探〉。《台灣社會學刊》31:189-241。

朱胤慈，2011，〈失語的傷痛：中國東莞農民工的健康與醫療〉。新竹：國立清華大學碩士論文。

施世駿，2009，〈社會保障的地域化：中國社會公民權的空間政治轉型〉，《台灣社會學》，18:43-93。

林宗弘，2009，〈威權主義與國家財政能力：以中國大陸財政改革為例之分析〉，《政治學報》47:105-155。

Esping-Andersen, Gosta .1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Chapter 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press