漢字家譜的理論與應用 ──華語教學中的漢字教學策略

Chinese Character Genealogy in Theory and Practice: Methods for Teaching Characters in TCFL/TCSL

林宛蓉(Lin, Wan Rong)

指導教授 ： 陳昭容

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/中國文學系/博士(2016年)

摘要

使用漢字是華語的一大特點，也是華語教學中的難點。本論文提出一種對外漢字教學策略──漢字的家譜，先討論其理論基礎，再建構漢字家譜，然後著手教學設計，在課堂上進行教學試驗，驗證漢字家譜教學法的可行性。
所謂漢字的家譜，乃是先找出一些漢字的「始祖」(或稱字根、部件、部首)，而這始祖並非時間性的先後，而是空間性的構形順序，將同一始祖的漢字分門別類，於是可以得到漢字的一個個家譜。漢字家譜並非僅以現代字形為拆分依據，而是考慮了字源、字理，以及漢字歷史的動態演變。這個方法奠基於考釋古文字的方法──「偏旁分析法」。
本論文在漢字的本體論方面討論了漢字的基本單位，確定漢字拆分的原則應該依理拆分、依層次拆分。按此原則，本論文以教育部《常用國字標準字體表》的4808字，嘗試建構了數個漢字家譜。本論文並討論了漢字發展的趨勢──簡化與聲化，並著重探討了簡化字對漢字學習造成的影響，以及漢字家譜教學法的因應之道。
最後，本論文進行了一次小規模的漢字學習調查，確認學生認為解釋部件關係及用古代漢字形體來輔助教學是有效的方法。接著以「止」家譜進行課堂上的教學試驗，並從學生的回饋中，確認學生對此教法持正面肯定的態度，學生可以了解漢字並非只是無意義的筆畫構成，在「知其然」的情況下，可以幫助學生學習及記憶漢字。

關鍵字

漢字 ； 漢字家譜 ； 華語教學 ； 對外漢字教學 ； 字源教學法 ； 字理教學法

並列摘要

Chinese characters, i.e., Hanzi, represent a major feature of the Chinese language as well as a considerable obstacle in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign or Second Language (TCFL/TCSL). The purpose of this dissertation was to develop TCFL/TCSL methodologies centered around the concept of the Chinese Character Genealogy. The main steps taken to accomplish this task were as follows: 1) discussing the background/theory related to Chinese Character Genealogies, 2) constructing a set of Chinese Character Genealogies, and 3) designing a Hanzi pedagogy and confirming the viability and effectiveness of said pedagogy through an empirical study in a TCSL classroom.
In this dissertation, a Chinese Character Genealogy refers to a collection of Hanzi which all share a common root or core component. The mapping of a given Hanzi to its core component is based on an in-depth component analysis of the structure of the Hanzi. In carrying out such an analysis, not only modern Chinese characters are considered, but also the etymology and orthography of the Hanzi.
The Hanzi which comprise the Chinese Character Genealogies formulated in this dissertation all come from the Taiwan Ministry of Education list of the most commonly used 4808 Hanzi. The dissertation also discusses the two main developments in the evolution of Chinese characters: simplification and phoneticization, as well as the pedagogical effects wrought by these developments, with an emphasis on the effects of simplified characters.
The final part of this dissertation discusses a small scale survey on second language Chinese learners’ acquisition of Hanzi using the pedagogy created by the author. Results of the survey suggested that learners felt utilizing Chinese Character Genealogies enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of their acquisition of Hanzi. Feedback from the survey also indicated the learners developed a more positive attitude toward learning Hanzi resulting from use of the Genealogies.

並列關鍵字

Hanzi ； Chinese Character Genealogy ； TCSL/TCFL ； Chinese etymology ； component analysis

參考文獻

徐富昌，〈從甲骨文看漢字構形方式之演化〉，《台大文史哲學報》64期，2006年5月，頁1-40。

陳瑩漣，《對外漢字教學中的「同聲旁字組」分析與應用》，國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文，2010。

郭于禎，《由簡化字辨識傳統字研究及教學應用──以印尼籍華語學習者為例》，國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學系碩士論文，2013年。

曾文璇，〈華語八千詞詞彙分級研究〉，《華語學刊》，2014年第1期，頁22-33。

一、專書及期刊、會議、學位論文