明代戰車研究

The Battlewagons in Ming China

周維強(Weiqiang Zhou)

指導教授 ： 黃一農

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/歷史研究所/博士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2008.00503

摘要

戰車是世界進入火器時代後，最重要的陸上兵器之一。中國作為發明火藥的帝國，在明代金屬火器全面配發至常備軍。明軍為了發揚火力、對抗騎兵、防守隘口、戒護城池、京師衛戍、運輸輜重、保衛樵採及構築邊牆者等需要，在北京和邊鎮發展並製造出種類繁多和數量龐大的戰車。然而，因《明史．兵志》修纂的誤失，以「無用未戰」來評價明代戰車。致使明代戰車的車制、營制、戰術、火器、戰略、戰績等諸問題，一直沒有受到軍事史家應有的重視。
　　本研究以文獻研究出發，先著手分析《明史．兵志》等清修官史錯誤史論之形成及其謬誤原因。其次，分析並釐清了明清史料中關於戰車的記載及其限制。最後，論文的主題以《明實錄》為底本，採取奏議、文集、兵書、檔案、方志和雜史等史料，及部分火器史研究成果，試圖重建明代二百餘年的戰車思想、車制、營制、戰術、戰略和效用等歷史活動。本研究中最重要的發現之一，是不僅明朝使用並依賴戰車，後金在遼東崛起的過程中，亦有部分漢人降將善於使用戰車，甚至在一些作戰中，後金所能動員的戰車數量還多於明軍。
　　自八○年代起，世界史展開了「新軍事史研究」的風潮，名家輩出，然而在發展世界火器文明理論時，往往缺乏中文史事之支持，甚至仍襲用《明史．兵志》「無用未戰」的觀點。因此，本研究當能在明代戰車和火器的使用上，提供相當充分的例證。

關鍵字

戰車 ； 火砲 ； 明代邊防 ； 軍事史

並列摘要

Battlewagons are one the most important land-based weapons after the invention of firearms. In Ming Dynasty, metal-made firearms were widely issued to the regular army. For the purposes of fire power support, anti-calvary, defend the passes and cities, transportation of heavy equipments, protection of loggers, and guarding the builders of the Great Walls, the Ming Army had built a great variety of specialized battlewagons. However, an error made during the writing of the Mingshi Bingzhi（the Treatises on military affairs in the History of the Ming dynasty, 明史兵志）, resulted in the comment that Ming's battlewagons were "useless and not used in battles.” As a result, future military historians failed to take this weapon into consideration.
This research starts with a literature review. We investigate the cause of errors with the official histories such as the Mingshi Bingzhi. We then reviewed the records regarding battlewagons and their sources. At the end, we used the Ming Shilu（Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty, 明實錄）as the starting point to reconstruct the historical evolution of Ming Dynasty's use of battlewagons. And selected materials from various sources, such as petitions, discussions, collected works, books on the art of war, Grand Secretariat Archives, local chronicles, unofficial histories, and some monographs on firearms history. We found that not only the Ming Empire used battlewagons; the Manchurians also used battlewagons frequently during Ming-Qing conflicts. Some defected Ming commanders were skillful in using battlewagons. In certain battles, the Manchurians even launched more battlewagons than the Ming Army ever did.
Ever since the 1980s, a new generation of military history scholars emerged. However, their discussions with Chinese firearms are generally not supported by Chinese historical sources. Many of them adopted the erroneous view by the Mingshi Bingzhi. This study shall provide certain insight into the use of battlewagons and firearm of Ming Dynasty.

並列關鍵字

battlewagon ； artillery ； frontier defenses in Ming Dynasty ； military history

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