本研究的主要目的是對華人犬儒主義進行探索性的研究,研究者透過老莊思想和竹林七賢的角度分析,試圖了解犬儒主義在華人社會中的意義與作用。在犬儒主義的概念分析中,透過對語言的意義分析,進而提出華人社會中的犬儒主義的心理學定義,以及犬儒主義所包括的內容與心理機制:猜測懷疑、自私自利、心機城府、自以為是、憤世嫉俗、冷漠疏離、冷嘲熱諷與玩世不恭。研究一:犬儒主義的成語和諺語分析,使用流傳在民間的成語和諺語作為材料進行內容分析,來了解蘊含在成語及諺語中的犬儒主義概念。研究二:華人組織中的犬儒主義的量表建構,將研究一對犬儒主義所分析出來的分類架構,進行企業界的訪談,期望了解企業界員工對於組織犬儒主義的認知,進而發展測量量表。研究二採用便利性抽樣的調查方式,受試者為一般企業的員工,總共回收439筆資料。華人組織犬儒主義知覺量表,最後發展成40題的量表,分別包含猜測懷疑5題、自私自利5題、心機城府5題、自以為是5題、憤世嫉俗5題、冷漠疏離5題、冷嘲熱諷5題和玩世不恭5題。研究一與研究二藉由理論性和實徵性的研究結合,達到對於犬儒主義的概念有一個全面性、周延性的了解,以利於對於理論的建構和東西方文化上的比較。透過研究一與研究二,證實華人社會組織中是存有犬儒主義的,研究結果顯示,華人組織中的犬儒主義與西方的犬儒主義兩者之間的異同,包括五類具有文化共同性的向度-猜測懷疑、自私自利、憤世嫉俗、冷漠疏離、與冷嘲熱諷,以及三類具有文化殊異性的向度-心機城府、自以為是、及玩世不恭。
The purpose of this study is the exploratory research of Chinese cynicism. Researcher analyzed thinking of Laozi(老子), Zhuangzi(莊子), and Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, and attempt to find out the significance and effect of Cynicism in Chinese society. The cynicism concept is explored through analyzing the significance of Chinese language and then the psychological definition of cynicism in Chinese society is addressed. The content and the psychological mechanism of cynicism includes cai ce huai yi, zih sih zih li, sin ji cheng fu, zih yi wei shih, fen shih ji su, leng mo shu li, leng chao re fong, wan shih bu gong. Study one: Idioms and proverbs. Content analysis is used to analyze widespread material of civil idioms and proverbs to understand cynicism concept. Study two: Construction of the Cynicism Scale in Chinese organization. Using category frame of study one to proceed business interviews. Researcher hopes to know employee’s cognition about cynicism, and then develop measurement scale. The study adopted convenient sampling. The participants are from ordinary firms and 439 of them are valid sample. Finally, researcher developed forty items, including five items for each factor. Study one and Study two combined theoretical and empirical study, in attempt to understand cynicism comprehensively. Comparison between the East and West is made. Through Study one and Study two, researcher confirms that there is cynicism in Chinese society and organizations. In addition, researcher used content analysis to clarify the similarities and differences between Chinese cynicism and Western cynicism. The study results show that five categories of cultural commonality, including cai ce huai yi, zih sih zih li, fen shih ji su, leng mo shu li, leng chao re fong. Three categories of cultural particularity, including sin ji cheng fu, zih yi wei shih, wan shih bu gong.