已婚婦女就業影響因素之探討：不同家庭生命週期的檢視

Factors Associated with Married Women’s Employment : Inspection in the Different Family Life Cycles

張芳華(Fang-Hua Jhang)

指導教授 ： 沈幼蓀

國立臺北大學/社會科學學院/社會學系/碩士(2008年)

摘要

考量婦女在婚育時期往往會遭遇家庭與工作的兩難，本研究將以不同家庭生命週期的角度切入，企圖了解影響婦女就業的因素。由於過去研究為一個時期的橫斷面研究，無法了解晚期結構改變時，原本早期對婦女就業有影響的變項是否持續發揮作用。因此，將應用二期「台灣地區社會變遷基本調查資料」，即二期二次的問卷Ⅰ與四期三次性別組資料，來觀察自變項在不同時期的影響力。
研究發現在1991年婦女多為未就業者，2002年以全職工作狀況最為普遍。就業M型圖的變化與過去研究相較，發現婦女有提早重返勞動市場的現象。兩個年代就業M型圖反映兩方面的趨勢：
其一，不論那個年代，就業指數的變化，皆呈現前高後低的多峰型態。其二，晚期婦女在開始有子女時，就業指數明顯較早期高，意謂著晚期婦女持續就業或重返就業的人數增加。
為釐清兩個年代婦女就業的差異，在控制其他變項下，發現於家庭生命週期的前兩個階段，晚期的年代並未對婦女就業有明顯幫助，但到了有學齡小孩時，晚期的社會對婦女從事全職工作產生正面
的助益。這部分意謂著晚期的社會條件有利於婦女投入勞動市場。
從家庭生命週期中影響婦女就業因素的變化來看，婦女就業會依當時社會條件、家庭角色關係與個人偏好而不同，不同情境下，就業與否的思考將會不同。研究發現變項的作用多反映在特定階段中
，但教育卻有著跨越年代、跨越家庭生命週期的影響力，在2002年的社會脈絡下，教育能增進婦女於婚後就業的可能，與1991年相較，影響力漸增。性別角色態度是影響婦女就業的一項重要因素，
這顯示社會文化規範對於婦女的影響頗為強烈，不因不同年代而所鬆動。

關鍵字

已婚婦女就業；就業M型圖；家庭生命週期

並列摘要

Taking it into consideration that married women usually confront the dilemma between family and job in the period of marriage and childrearing, the study intends to find the factors affecting women’s employment from the angle of family life cycle. Owing to the existing researches focusing on cross-sectional study in a certain period of time which couldn’t trace the persistent effect of the variables on women’s employment after the social structure changes, the study will apply the data from“ Taiwanese Social Change Survey” to observe the influence of the variables on women’s employment in 1991 and 2002.
The results show the fact that women tended to be the never-worked outside in 1991 while the full-time job after marriage was the most popular type in 2002.Compared to the past research, The employment’s M-shaped graphs indicates that the time of returning to the labor market is earlier than the past. The M-shaped graphs in 1991 and in 2002 also reflect the tendency as follows：on the one hand, it shows the higher index of the employment in the earlier stage and lower index of the employment in the later stage regardless of any period of time; on the other hand, the employment’s index of women with children in 2002 is higher than that in 1991, which means that most women continue or return to work in the later period of time.
The research also finds that the society in 2002 in comparison with 1991 conspicuously promotes employment when women have children attending school rather than in the earlier two stages of the family life cycles. It partially indicates that the social context in the later period of time is helpful for women’s participation in the labor market.
In terms of the alternation of factors affecting women’s employment in the different family life cycles, working or staying at home depends on social condition, relationship in the family and individual preference at that time. The decision to work varies with the different circumstances. Although the effect of many independent variables are presented in the certain stage, the influence of the education remains through years and family life cycles. Contrasted with the social context in 1991, the education in 2002 even enhances the opportunity of full-time job after marriage. The gender-role attitude, the determinative factor, has the impact on women’s employment. It reveals that the effect of the social culture norm on women is blazing and persistent.

並列關鍵字

Married Women’s Employment ； The employment’s M-shaped graphs ； the Family Life Cycle

參考文獻

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