家用濾水器產品服務系統之環境與經濟績效評估

The Evaluation of Environmental and Economic Performances for the Product Service System (PSS) -A Case Study of Water Filtration Devices

阮柏豪(Po-Hao Juan)

指導教授 ： 林盛隆

朝陽科技大學/理工學院/環境工程與管理系在職專班/碩士(2011年)

摘要

水是民生必需品，台灣地區自來水普及率已達9成以上，但依水源地不同，自來水的品質也會有所差異，家用濾水器因而成為家庭常用之配備。傳統的家用濾水器產品銷售模式是以增加銷售量為目的，這將造成能資源的浪費以及廢棄時對環境造成危害。消費者需要的乾淨的水並非濾水器本身，因此本研究發展產品服務系統，滿足消費者需求，同時尋求對環境之衝擊降至最低。產品服務系統(Product service system, PSS)可視為一連續性系統，由純販售產品的企業經營模式到純提供服務的企業，除滿足客戶對產品功能的需求外，亦可透過企業提供的服務減少產品的產出與銷售，藉此減少能資源消耗與汙染物產出；但企業可能會隨著提供服務功能的增加，可能付出較多的成本。為了有效找出複雜度較高的PSS環境與經濟績效，本研究以生命週期評估(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)、生命週期成本評估(Life Cycle Costing Assessment, LCCA)及生態效益指標(Eco-efficiency Indicators, EEI)，探討家用濾水器產品服務系統各階段能資源使用情形及對環境造成的衝擊，並將LCA予以成本化，瞭解生命週期各階段成本與其經濟績效，最後以生態效益指標整合其環境與經濟績效，推導出最適合的產品服務系統指標。
研究結果顯示，家用濾水器生命週期各階段以使用階段環境衝擊較為明顯，約佔總衝擊的36%，該階段衝擊主要為能資源及濾水器零件的消耗，能資源消耗為濾水器製水過程與自來水廠的淨水程序，其餘各階段如元件階段及製造組裝等階段，環境衝擊與買斷模式相較之下皆有下降趨勢，顯示濾水器租賃模式環境效益較買斷模式佳。經濟績效方面，租賃模式因透過日常的維修保養，延長元件的使用壽命以及減少元件製造組裝的次數，皆可降低成本的支出，但運輸階段隨著提供服務的增加，成本支出也略為提升，整體而言，租賃模式較買斷模式總成本約可減少24%，顯示產品服務系統可行性甚高。生態效益指標方面，產品服務系統相較於傳統買斷模式所提升效益均屬於正面效益。

關鍵字

生態效益指標(EEI) ； 環境衝擊 ； 生命週期成本評估(LCCA) ； 租賃系統 ； 生命週期評估(LCA) ； 產品服務系統(PSS)

並列摘要

Water is essential in everyone''s lives. Although more than 90 percent families have been served by local public water works, there is still much concern of water quality in many areas of this island. The product sale model of the household traditional water filter takes increasing the sale volume as a goal. This leads depletion of resources and harm to the environment when discarded. Therefore, this research developed a product service system (PSS) to meet consumer’s demand while reducing the environmental impacts. The product service system is a continuous business model, categorized from product-oriented to service-oriented businesses. Aside from satisfying customers’ need to the product function, it may reduce the output and sales of the product via service delivery as well as the depletion of resources and the pollutant output. However, as the service function increased, enterprises may account for extra increased cost and faced the impact of other environment. In order to find out PSS environmental and economical performance effectively, this research took LCA, LCCA and EEI as basis. These methods were employed to aim at discussing the using of resources in every stage of water filter device PSS and its impact to the environment. Firstly, the environmental performance was evaluated by LCA case studies. Second, LCCA simulated the cost and economic performance produced at every stage of life cycle. Finally, the former two results were integrated into an EEI indicator and deduced the most appropriate PSS case.
The results indicate that the environmental impact appears more obviously when water filter device is in use stage of its life cycle. The impact in this stage, approximately 36% of total impact, is mainly contrbuted by power consumption consisting of water-producing process and water purification process in waterworks. This could attribute to thermal power dominated over Taiwan’s power system and overuse of the fossil fuel. The remaining stage such as component stage and manufacturing assembly stage are on a declining trend in comparison with environmental impact and buyout model. It indicated the environmental benefit of water filter leasing model is better than traditional sell model.
In terms of economical performance, through maintenance, leasing model extended the life of components and reduced the number of components being manufactured and assembled, which could lower the cost of expenditure. However, with the increase in service transport stage, cost slightly increased. Consequently, as compared with traditional sell model, leasing model could reduce approximately 24% of total cost which concluded high feasibility of PSS. In terms of EEI, the benefit which PSS enhanced is positive as it compared to the traditional sell model. In conclusion, both economical benefit and performance in water filter PSS are better than traditional sell model. It displays the positive benefit in both environment and economic success.

並列關鍵字

eco-efficiency indicators ； environmental impact ； life cycle costing assessment ； life cycle assessment ； leasing program ； product service system

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