口譯如何傳達並行語言的訊息

Paralanguage as a Semantic Factor in Oral Interpretations

陳彥豪(Yane-Hao Chen)

《翻譯學研究集刊》 2輯 (1997/10) Pp. 167-176

https://doi.org/10.29786/STI.199710.0011

摘要

無論是從事口譯教學或是實際擔任口譯，需要建立對於口譯過程當中語言部份（verbal parts）與非語言部份（nonverbal parts）的敏感度。語言部份主要的切入點是訊息的內容是什麼（what），而非語言份主要的切入點是訊息的內容是怎麼樣（how）表達的。口譯往往重視語言部份的訊息傳達，而忽略了非語言部份的訊息傳達。在非語言部份的訊息傳達當中，並行語言（paralanguage）是一項重要的因素。所謂並行語言，根據非語言傳播學（nonverbal communication）學者的定義，指是語言當中的聲音高低（pitch），快慢（pace），音量大小（pause），強調（tress），以及整體表達風格上的抑揚頓挫（intonation）而言。它的運用方式直接或間接都會傳達說話人的感情與思想，尤其是說話人的企圖方面。口譯傳達並行語言必須留意原說話人的企圖，才能以完整而正確的語調（tone）譯出原說話人真正要表達的訊息。因為口譯如果只譯出語言部份，而沒有譯出並行語言的部份，可能無法完整譯出原說話人的訊息，甚至於誤譯了原說話人的訊息。因此，口譯在因應語言部份與並行語言部份兩者之間互動的情況時，一定要注意先區分下面四種互動的可能類項－（1）正面的語言訊息與正面的並行語言表達。（2）正面的語言訊息與負面的並行語言表達。（3）負面的語言訊息與正面的並行語言表達。（4）負面的語言訊息與負面的並行語言表達。以上四種類項，第一類項與第四類項的一致性較高，口譯比較能夠掌握正確而適當的訊息傳達；而第二類項與第三類項，口譯要掌握的是並行諾言的訊息傳達，而不是語言的訊息傳達，才不會誤解原說話人的企圖，以致於誤導了所服務的對象。口譯對於將心比心的並行語言敏感度的建立與磨練，除了在教室裏面修“會話分析”或“讀者劇場”等課程來學習聲音與感情的表達以外，從實際人生的人際溝通的閱歷上面也都可以找到如何正確而又快速的傳達並行語言的方法。事實上，根據人類語言發展的歷史軌跡來看，並行語言早於語言文字的出現，它也是區分口譯與筆譯最主要的因素之一。

關鍵字

口譯 ； 並行語言 ； 語言行為 ； 語意傳播學 ； 非語言傳播

並列摘要

One of the major factors in differentiating interpretation from translation is paralanguage. In the academic field of Nonverbal Communication, ”paralanguage” deals with how something is said rather than what is said. These vocal cues, including pitch, pace, volume, pause, stress, and intonation, among others, reflect a genuine intention of a speaker in his/her speech act in terms of mood and emotion, and, in turn, express an accurate meaning of the words being uttered. It is particularly significant for an oral interpreter rather than a translator to remain alert in interpreting the message of the ”paralanguage” in addition to that of the ”language” part while assuming his/her role as a competent interpreter on the spot because failing to render accurately and articulately the paralanguage from the source language into the target language will lead to an immediate incompleteness and misunderstanding of the meanings of the messages being expressed.This paper suggests four possible language-paralanguage combinations with practical examples: 1) messages expressed in positive language with positive paralanguage, 2) messages expressed in positive language with negative paralanguage, 3) messages expressed in negative language with positive paralanguage, and 4) messages expressed in negative language with negative paralanguage, with a view to emphasizing that it is the paralanguage as a semantic factor that determines the real meaning of an original speaker's utterance for which a cautious oral interpreter should be totally responsible.Since paralanguage is basically oral and vocal, it is an obvious factor that differentiates interpretation from translation. In its pedagogical sense to approach the training of paralanguage in interpretation, this paper suggests relevant courses on Conversational Analysis and Readers Theatre as found in speech communication and drama education to Strengthen the interpreter's sensitivity to it.

並列關鍵字

interpretations ； paralanguage ； speech act ； speech communication ； nonverbal communication