玩具檢核表在學齡前發展障礙兒之運用成效

The Application and Effectiveness of Toy Checklist on Children with Developmental Delays

謝協君(Hsieh-Chun Hsieh) ； 何東墀(Dong-Chyr Ho)

《特殊教育學報》 27期 (2008/06) Pp. 157-176

https://doi.org/10.6768/JSE.200806.0157

摘要

本研究旨在探討玩具檢核表在3-5歲發展障礙兒之運用成效。其目的是協助發展障礙兒家長找出適用玩具，並透過親子玩具活動促進家中幼兒發展。研究的理論架構是依據動態系統理論、認知理論和行爲理論，從感官刺激、知動整合活動、精細動作操作、認知功能訓練、重複操作及家長參與六個方向來促進障礙兒童的發展。玩具檢核表之建構主要包含感官刺激、知覺動作整合、精細動作和認知功能四大要素。使用方法是透過評估家中幼兒的感覺、動作和認知等功能，來找出可協助其發展的玩具功能特質，並進一步找出適合的玩具。運用成效之評估方法採前後測實驗設計，收集個案在接受親子玩具活動前後二次的「嬰幼兒綜合發展測驗」評量結果，驗証實驗成效。針對31位學齡前發展障礙兒和其家長進行爲期六周共12次的親子玩具活動。研究結果發現利用「玩具檢核表」檢核出的玩具來進行親子玩具活動可有效促進其認知能力和動作能力（包括粗動作和精細動作），但是對於發展障礙兒的語言能力、社會能力和自理功能則沒有顯著成效。對於未來研究的建議利用改造調整(adaptation)的概念，對玩具檢核表所篩選出的玩具，著手玩具改造，來促進發展障礙兒的遊戲表現。

關鍵字

發展障礙 ； 玩具檢核表 ； 動態系統理論

並列摘要

This study examined the effectiveness of a toy checklist applied on the children with developmental delays, aged 3-5 years old. Researcher constructed a toy checklist for parents of children with developmental delays to screen the appropriate toys for their children and to enhance the development of their children through the parent-child play activities. The theoretical base included dynamic system theory, cognitive theory, and behavioral theory. These selected toys have improved children's development from six directions: (1) sensory stimulation, (2) perceptual-motor integration, (3) fine motor activities, (4) cognition training, (5) repeated manipulation, and (6) parent participation. The reason of using the toy checklist was that parents could find out four appropriate characteristics of toys, which were sensory stimulation, perceptual motor, integration, fine motor, and cognition, through a developmental evaluation on the field of sensory, motor, and cognition in this toy checklist. The test-retest experimental design was used to collect the subjects performance on infant and toddler development test. Thirty-one children with developmental delays range 3-5 years old participated in this study. The result of 12 times of parent-children toy activities was showed the improvement on the development of cognition and motor abilities (gross and fine motor). No significant difference on language, social, and self-care abilities. In the future, concepts of adaptation should be used in toy therapy. The toy checklist could be used in further study of adaptation of selected toys to improve better play performance of children with developmental delays.

並列關鍵字

developmental delay ； toy checklist ； dynamic system theory

參考文獻

Abrams, B.,Kauffman, N.(1990).Toys for early childhood development: Selection guidelines for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.West Nyack, NY:Center for Applied Research in Education.

Besio, S.(2002).An Italian research project to study the play of children with motor disabilities: the first year of activity.Disability and Rehabilitation.24,72-79.

Bjōrck-Åkesson, E.,Brodin, J.(1992).International diversity of toy libraries.Topics in Early Childhood Special Education.12,528-543.

Braddock, D.,Hemp, R.,Parish, S.,Westrich, J.(1998).The state of the States in developmental disabilities.Washington, DC:American Association Mental Retardation.

Brambring, M.(2006).Divergent development of gross motor skills in children who are blind or sighted.Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness.100,620-634.