舒伯特音畫歌曲研究

音畫是文字繪畫的一種表現，探究音畫歌曲的字音關係是詮釋舒伯特德文藝術歌曲的重要依據。舒伯特受到維也納歌曲、柏林歌曲樂派與宗斯泰格敘事歌三種風格的影響，他的歌曲在數量上只比於前輩賴夏德少，在質量上則超越所有的前輩與同輩。音樂是聽覺的藝術，現代音樂美學家認爲音樂以想像的物體存在人類的腦海裡，因此音畫音樂就是標題、提示或歌詞的呼應，藉以產生聯想的畫面。舒伯特利用鋼琴將鳥鳴、雞啼、馬蹄、狗狺、號角、撥絃、敲鐘、打雷、風吹、水流、水波、轉輪、游魚、飛翔、步行、冰珠等之型態或聲音當做模擬的材料，創造出音畫歌曲。〈魔王〉裡的鋼琴造出馬的奔跑，〈年輕修女〉有敲鐘的聲音，〈水上歌唱〉能引起漣漪的想像，〈菩提樹〉裡有風捲落葉的感覺，〈無休止的愛〉裡是風雪吹落在頭上的景象。所以從現代角度視之，音畫歌曲其實是動畫歌曲，歌唱者與彈奏者應該在腦海裡建立充分的想像，以便正確詮釋歌曲。

關鍵字

文字繪畫；音畫；字音關係；舒伯特；德文藝術歌曲

並列摘要

Tone-painting, a type of word-painting performance, explores further into Schubert's German art songs based on relationships of word and tone for tone-painting songs. Greatly influenced by three styles, which include Vienna song, Berlin song school, and J. R. Zumsteeg's Ballade; even though quantity of his works is less than that of J. F. Reichardt before him, then quality of his works is much more ahead of all musicians of his generation or before him. Some modern musical estheticians think that music converts into objects of our imagination; hence tone-painting music is the title, decorated by hints or lyrics to create extensive images. Schubert writes tone-painting songs using piano, by adopting figures and sounds as elements, which involve bird singing, cock crowing, horse running, dog barking, horning, string raking, clock running, thunder rumbling, wind blowing, water flowing, water ripples, wheel turning, fish swimming, flying, walking and ice pellets. ”Erlkönig” mimics horse running sounds with piano; ”Die junge Nonne” mimics clock striking sounds. ”Auf dem Wasser zu singen” invokes imagination to ripples; ”Der Lindenbaum” draws pictures of falling leaves in the wind. ”Rastlose Liebe” portrays blowing wind and falling snow over the head. From modern point of view, tone-painting songs are all songs with animated pictures. Singers and pianists should fully use their imaginations to properly interpret these songs.