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  • 期刊

清華簡所見西周「德」觀念發微

On the Concept of "Virtue" in the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

摘要


「德」觀念散布在清華簡多篇文獻之中,特別是《周公之琴舞》、《芮良夫毖》和《攝命》等篇論說的「德」觀念涉及西周中晚期不同歷史語境下周人的政治主張和思想學說。其中,《周公之琴舞》對「德」神聖屬性的描述,可以補充學界對「德」觀念早期形態的認識;《攝命》篇展現了傳世文獻和西周金文未明確記載的「德行」考稽制度;《芮良夫毖》篇則說明西周晚期,「德」作為周人族群傳統的社會約束力在下降,篇中「和德定型」等思想揭示出時人開始意識到明文法度的重要性。這些論說共同折射出西周政治哲學的多重面貌,有助推進學界對早期中國政治思想史的認識。

並列摘要


There are many discussions of the concept of "virtue"(德) in several documents of the Tsinghua bamboo slips, especially in "Zhou Gong Zhi Qinwu"(周公之琴舞), "Rui Liangfu Bi"(芮良夫毖) and "She ming"(攝命), which reveal political ideas and ideologies of the Zhou people in different historical contexts during the middle and late period of the Western Zhou dynasty. The description of the sacred attributes of "virtue" in "Zhou Gong Zhi Qinwu" can supplement our understanding of the early form of the concept of "virtue". "She ming" reveals the existence of the performance assessment of "de xing"(德行), which has never appaered in the handed-down documents and bronze inscriptions. "Rui Liangfu Bi" shows that in the late period of the Western Zhou dynasty, as a traditional social binding force of the Zhou people, the concept of "virtue" is in a state of decline. The argument "he de ding ding"(和德定型) reveals that the upper class aristocrats, such as Rui Liangfu, has realized the importance of written law. These arguments reflects the multiple aspects of the political philosophy of the Western Zhou dynasty, and promote our understanding of the political thought of early China.

參考文獻


王健文,《奉天承運:古代中國的「國家」概念及其正當性基礎》,臺北:東大圖書公司,1995。
甘懷真,〈先秦禮觀念再探〉,收入氏著,《皇權、禮儀與經典詮釋:中國古代政治史研究》,臺北:國立臺灣大學出版社,2004。
朱騰,〈從君主命令到令、律之別:先秦法律形式變遷史綱〉,《清華法學》2(2020)。
李宗侗,《中國古代社會新研》,上海:開明書店,1948。
李峰,〈中國古代國家形態的變遷和成文法律形成的社會基礎〉,《華東政法大學學報》4(2016)。

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