越南民間教派「四恩孝義」經典的產生

The Production of Scriptures in Vietnamese Sect Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa

鍾雲鶯(Chung Yun-ying)

《民俗曲藝》 211期 (2021/03) Pp. 167-224

摘要

本文乃以越南民間教派四恩孝義之經典的產生為主要的研究核心。「四恩孝義」是成立於十九世紀初的越南本土教派，乃由「寶山奇香」系譜「奇」字輩之吳利所創，安江省（Tỉnh An Giang）為其主要的傳教區域，這個教派值得我們關注，主要在於至今內容仍保留抄寫漢字典籍的傳統。四恩孝義內部的典籍可分為三大類：一為創教時期由吳利與阮會真二人所作之內部專有著作，二為由中國傳入的佛教經典，三為中國傳入的民間善書，這些內部所流通的經典，幾經傳抄，皆出現無意文字舛錯或有意之經文改造，然而這些差異，卻展現民間教派傳承傳統經典的信念與生命力。四恩孝義在外顯形象以關公為主神，然而與關公相關的典籍不到六分之一，與佛教觀音信仰相關的典籍反而為多數，可見觀音信仰是該教的主體，關公形象只是四恩孝義的教派標誌，本文將以文本之內與形象之外闡述此一現象。教主吳利與被奉為「三教火樓」的阮會真，二人是四恩孝義教派的主要作者。他們對經典創作與改造，共有三個面向，一是佛教類經典形式的紹承、一是民間通俗善書的改造，一是借「五公經」之名而創作的作品。四恩孝義因擁有經典的創作能力，故流傳至今，成為三教融合且以佛為宗之具有越南文化特色的民間教派。

關鍵字

越南 ； 四恩孝義 ； 吳利 ； 阮會真 ； 五公經

並列摘要

This paper focuses on the emergence of Vietnamese sect Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa's scriptures. Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa's is a native Vietnamese sect founded in the early 19th century by Ngô Lợi (1831-1890) of Kì in Bửu Sơn Kì Hương. Its mission area is mainly in An Giang province. This sect deserves our attention mainly because it preserves the tradition of hand copying scriptures in Chinese characters. The scriptures in Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa falls into three categories. The first is the monographs written by Ngô Lợi and Nguyễn Hội Chân during their founding years. The second is the Buddhist scriptures introduced from China. The third is the Chinese moral books. These scriptures circulated within the sect, after countless copying and recopying, occasioned some changes in the scriptures, either done on purpose or by mistakes. Such differences serve to illustrate the faith and vitality of the sect that was dedicated to the legacy of traditional scriptures. The dominant visible image of Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa is Lord Guan. However, barely one sixth of the scriptures are related to him. In contrast, a great proportion of the scriptures are about Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy. The fact indicates that Guanyin is the nucleus of the sect, while Lord Guan is merely the outward emblem of Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa. This article describes the phenomenon in terms of its contents and images. Ngô Lợi and Nguyễn Hội Chân, who are regarded as ＂Fire tower of the three teachings＂ (Tam Giáo Hỏa Lầu三教火樓) are primary authors of the Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa. There are three aspects of their composition and alteration of the scriptures. The first is the heritage of Buddhist scriptures. The second is the transformation of the Chinese moral books. The third is the works created in the name of Wu Gong Jing (五公經). Because of its capacity of composing scripture, Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa has become a Buddhism-centered folk sect that integrates Vietnamese cultural characteristics.

並列關鍵字

Vietnam ； Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa ； Ngô Lợi ； Nguyễn Hội Chân ； Wu Gong Jing

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