無聊與心理健康：理論與實徵研究回顧

「無聊」是人人都有的經驗，長期的無聊有可能損害心理健康。本文簡要概述無聊相關之理論，包含早期的心理動力、存在、激發及認知學派的觀點，以及近期將無聊視為注意力缺失的整合觀點；接著介紹無聊常見的測量工具，並回顧相關認知、行為和神經影像學研究；最後，本文簡要回顧無聊在負面情緒、飲食、成癮行為、神經發展疾患及睡眠問題等方面所扮演的角色，並建議未來研究方向。過去無聊被視為對單調乏味活動的直接反應，近代學者將無聊定義為「想要但卻無法進行滿意活動的嫌惡經驗」，並視無聊為一種注意力缺失。無聊是因為個體無法專注或難以投入令其滿意的活動，並將這種嫌惡狀態歸因於環境。無聊特質（即易感性的個體差異）與無聊狀態（即與情境有關的即時性反應）常以自陳式量表測量。無聊對個體之認知、情緒、行為和心理健康有重要影響，然而現有文獻多以西方健康大學生為受試者，少有研究探討無聊的文化或年齡差異。未來研究方向可發展適用於台灣本土化的測量工具，比較不同臨床診斷、年齡層個體的無聊感受，探索無聊的行為特徵或神經心理機制，發展適用於注意力不足者在家庭、教育和臨床情境的因應策略。

關鍵字

無聊特質；無聊狀態；心理健康；心理疾患；注意力

並列摘要

＂Boredom＂ is a universal experience. It appears to be a trivial problem in daily life. However, chronic boredom can cause real damage to mental health. This article provides a brief overview of the existing theories related to boredom from psychodynamic, existential tradition, arousal and cognitive perspectives, and the integrative model which views boredom as a type of attention failure. It introduces common measurements of boredom, and reviews empirical studies exploring cognitive, behavioral and neural correlates of boredom. Finally, it discusses the roles of boredom in negative emotions, eating, addiction, neurodevelopmental disorders and people with sleep problems. Recommendations for future research directions are suggested. Boredom was viewed as a direct reaction to monotonous tasks in the past. Recently, researchers have described boredom as ＂the aversive experience of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity.＂ By definition of the integrative model, disengagement is characterized as the central component of boredom in terms of attention. Boredom occurs when individual cannot engage attention with internal or external information (thoughts and feelings, and environmental stimuli respectively) required for participating in satisfying activity, focusing on the fact of disengagement and attribute the cause of the aversive state to the environment. Self-report questionnaires that characterize boredom as an individual difference in a susceptibility to boredom (i.e., trait boredom) or as a momentary, transient reaction, situation-dependent experience (i.e., state boredom) are widely used. This review article reveals that boredom can have a significant impact on cognition, emotion, behavior, and mental health. However, relevant boredom research applied healthy college adults from western culture. Studies exploring cultural or age differences in boredom were rare. It is imperative to develop measurements of boredom that are appropriate for use in the context of Taiwanese culture, and to compare populations with different clinical characteristics or different age. Exploring the behavioral markers and neural correlates of boredom may facilitate the development of coping strategies in family, educational, and clinical settings, especially for people with attention problems.

並列關鍵字

boredom trait ； boredom state ； mental health ； mental disorders ； attention

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無聊與心理健康：理論與實徵研究回顧

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