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  • 學位論文

冷戰後聯合國在薩爾瓦多與海地之維持和平行動

Peacekeeping Operations in El Salvador and Haiti after the End of Cold War

指導教授 : 蔡政文

摘要


本文將以「新自由制度主義」與「全球治理」的理論作為分析的框架與研究途徑,試圖解釋冷戰之後在全球化的潮流之下,聯合國這一個全球最重要的國際組織,在面對國內衝突所造成的區域與全球安全風險時,所能扮演的角色。冷戰的結束對於維持和平行動帶來新的挑戰與機會。在挑戰方面,原本在冷戰兩極體系對抗的架構下被忽視的國內種族、階級衝突與戰爭的問題逐漸受到國際的重視。尤其在全球化的潮流下,一國國內衝突與戰爭所造成的經濟衰退、難民問題、人權的迫害、軍事破壞等,都具有跨越國界的性質,對整個區域甚至全球的安全造成影響。此外,一個國家的國內衝突與戰爭具有各個層次的社會、經濟與政治因素。由於這兩層原因,導致民族國家體系,已經無法單獨處理由於國內衝突外溢所造成的人民安全風險與損失,以及根本性地解決一國國內衝突的各項因素。這樣的挑戰給了聯合國維持和平部隊一個絕佳的機會,使其得以在全球的安全事務當中,扮演不可或缺、影響力較大的角色。全球治理的概念,強調國家之外的國際組織,特別是非政府組織在國際關係當中的角色、國際典則當中非國家行為者的參與以及其對於國家行為的約束、並奠基於全球風險社會的思維,強調存冷戰後全球化的浪潮下,以民族國家為國際關係主要行為者與治理者的西伐利亞體系,已經無法面對當今新興的安全議題。全球治理的模式,以多層次的治理者,包括國家、政府間組織、非政府組織、全球公民社會等,共同參與並制定一連串的規則,對於民族國家無法單獨解決的事務,提供另一種治理方式的思考。將全球治理的觀念運用在國際安全的層面,則可推論由於內戰造成區域甚至全球安全上的風險,使得聯合國做為國家、政府間組織、與非政府組織之間最重要的協調者,必須發展出一套機制,面對全球化下國家內部衝突與戰爭造成的區域與全球風險。聯合國發展出來的機制之一,就是經過演變的維持和平任務,在冷戰之後對於處理國家內部的衝突與戰爭所扮演的積極性角色。本文將以聯合國在薩爾瓦多與海地等兩地所成立之維持和平行動,檢視新自由制度主義及全球治理理念被運用的程度。

並列摘要


Neo-liberalism and Global Governance will be the two main frameworks and approaches this article applies. This article tries to analyze the role the United Nations (UN), the most important international organization, plays when facing regional and global crises resulted from domestic conflicts. The end of the Cold War brought new challenges and opportunities to the Peacekeeping Operation (PKO). With respect to the challenges, domestic conflicts and wars among ethnicities and classes ignored under the bipolar system were more thriving after the Cold War ended. Moreover, under the trend of globalization, economic downfall, refugees, human rights problems, and military confrontations were all transnational and affected regional and global security. In addition, there are multi-level reasons to domestic conflicts and wars. For these two reasons, nation states can not independently deal with the losses suffered by all the people around the world because of the spillover effect. Nor can they resolve fundamentally domestic conflicts and wars. These challenges provided the PKO with an excellent opportunity to play a more crucial and influential role in global security affairs. The idea of global governance pays more attention to the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in international relations and that of non-state actors in the formation of international regimes. Moreover, based on the idea of global risk society, global governance also emphasizes that the Westphalia System, mainly the nation states and international governmental organizations (IGOs), can no longer face new global security issues. Global governance provides another way of governance by asking for the participation of multi-level actors, including nation states, IGOs, NGOs, global civil society, etc., into the formation of international regimes. The PKO of UN after the end of Cold War applied the idea of Neo-liberalism and global governance when facing the spillover effects of domestic conflicts.

參考文獻


周桂田,2003,〈從「全球化風險」到「全球在地化風險」之研究進路:對貝克理論的批判思考〉,《台灣社會學刊》,第32期,頁153-188。
盧業中,2002,〈論國際關係理論之新自由制度主義〉,《問題與研究》,41(2):43-67。
張亞中,2001,〈全球治理:主體與權力的解析〉,《問題與研究》,40(4):1-24。
The Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Center for Human Rights. 2004. “A Framework for a Multi-faceted U.N. Peace-building Mission to Haiti.” Robert F. Kennedy Memorial: www.rfkmemorial.org/legacyinaction/2002_april_07_2004.
Laurence, Edward J. & William H. Godnick. 2000. “Weapons Collection in Central America: El Salvador and Guatemala.” in Managing the Remnants of War: Weapons Collection and Disposal as an Element of Peacebuilding, ed. Edward J Laurence. London: Bonn International Center for Conversion. pp. 2-33.

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