論客語左緣結構：以疑問詞、否定詞、句末語助詞為例

本論文主要從製圖理論(Cartographic Approach)的觀點出發，以客語的疑問狀語「怎麼」、否定詞與句末語助詞為例，來探討其在句法與語意上的分佈。本文主要以蔡維天(2000, 2007, 2008)對於漢語中疑問狀語「怎麼」的觀察與分析為基礎，來進一步探討客語疑問狀語「怎麼」的句法分佈、語意和使用，並比較了華、客兩方言的「怎麼」。表方法、樣貌或詢問原因的「怎麼」在華、客語句中的分佈與語意大都相同。然而也有例外之處，如強調或表否認、反駁語氣的華語句「怎麼阿三會來？！」對照到客語「樣仔阿三會來？」後卻是謬句，而此句的客語正確語序應為「阿三樣仔會來？」。而在客語中會有如此差異，其原因似乎與主語性質有關。然而華語的疑問狀語「怎麼」放置句首時，也能表示說話者的不滿或不耐煩，在此語境下的客語疑問狀語，也如華語能放置句首，似乎因著語氣的緣由，也使得客語的「樣仔」可置於句首。我們也觀察了客語的五個否定詞「毋mˇ」、「無moˇ」、「吂mangˇ」、「moiˊ」、「莫mokˋ」以及他們與模態詞的互動，且我們認為，客語的「毋」應分為帶有意志力的「毋1」與無意志力的「毋2」。同時也以「無moˇ」、「吂mangˇ」、「話vaˋ」、「嘎gaˊ」四個句末語助詞為例，來探討其在句法上的分佈與使用。並且我們也發現，在客語中，似乎也伴隨著模態詞「有」、「會」隱現的問題。Tsai (2015)提出在漢語中的模態詞是屬隱性，在形式上可出現也可不出現。而對於客語模態詞「有」、「會」的隱現，我們也在文章中做了進一步的探討，並且我們發現在漢語中，模態詞的出現是選擇性，確實與英語有所不同。

關鍵字

客語；怎麼；否定詞；句末語助詞；製圖理論；左緣結構

並列摘要

This thesis aims to give a preliminary study on wh-elements, negative markers and sentence final particles in Hakka from the cartographic viewpoint. By following Tsai’s (2000, 2007, 2008) analysis of how, how come and why in Chinese, I propose that how come and how in Hakka can be divided into resultative how, instrumental/manner how, causal how, denial how and refutatory how. How and how come in Hakka is similar to Mandarin. But there are still some differences between the two dialects. It is found that in Hakka the higher how’s, i.e., causal how and denial how, can’t occur in the sentence initial position before the subject. They trigger the subject topicalization, unlike the refutatory how. The reason for this phenomenon is relative to the mood, speech act and context. Five negative markers, ‘毋mˇ’ , ‘無moˇ’, ‘吂mangˇ’, ‘moiˊ’, ‘莫mokˋ’, and four sentence final particles, ‘無moˇ’, ‘吂mangˇ’, ‘話vaˋ’, ‘嘎gaˊ’, are also investigated in Hakka to observe their interaction with modals and to map out their syntactic positions. Moreover, the covert and overt modals in Hakka, are also observed and can serve as evidence supporting Tsai’s (2015) claim that some modals in Chinese can be implicit, unlike English.