行為傾向的改變對社會焦慮者的趨近與迴避目標之影響

社會焦慮為個體在與他人互動時，所知覺到的害怕或是不舒服的程度，高社會焦慮者通常在人際互動上伴隨較高的社會迴避目標與較低的社會趨近目標。過去研究發現社會目標會影響個體的人際關係，當個體有較高的社會迴避目標與較低的社會趨近目標時，會使個體在人際關係上經歷較高的關係焦慮、較高的孤獨感以及較低的關係滿意度。因此本研究聚焦在如何減少社會焦慮者的社會迴避目標，並增加其社會趨近目標。行為的自我調節理論指出，若個體能夠改變舊有的行為傾向，有機會使個體改變其目標；衝動模型也提到，經由使個體重複做出靠近刺激物的行為，能夠改變個體對原刺激物迴避與趨近的行為傾向。基於上述，本研究的首要目的在檢驗能否透過重複靠近刺激物的作業，改變社會焦慮者的行為傾向；次要目的則在檢驗能否透過改變行為傾向改變其社會目標。本研究採實驗研究設計，邀請高社會焦慮的參與者至實驗室後，將其隨機分派至四個組別接受趨近迴避作業的訓練。分別是實驗組一（接受拉近微笑情緒臉孔訓練）、實驗組二（接受拉近嫌惡情緒臉孔訓練），以及分別對應於兩組實驗組的控制組一（未接受拉近微笑情緒臉孔訓練）、控制組二（未接受拉近嫌惡情緒臉孔訓練）。參與者在完成趨近迴避作業的訓練後，填寫社會目標量表。本研究採用三因子共變數分析作為主要分析方法，結果顯示：（1）實驗組一（接受拉近微笑情緒臉孔訓練）與控制組一在後測對於靠近微笑臉孔的反應時間差異無顯著差異；（2）實驗組二（接受拉近嫌惡情緒臉孔訓練）與控制組二在後測對於遠離嫌惡臉孔的反應時間並無顯著差異；（3）實驗組一與控制組一對於社會趨近目標的提升無顯著差異；（4）實驗組二與控制組二對於社會迴避目標的降低無顯著差異（5）實驗組一與實驗組二對於社會趨近目標的提升無顯著差異；（6）實驗組一與實驗組二對於社會迴避目標的降低無顯著差異。因此社會焦慮者在重複拉近微笑與嫌惡的臉孔後，無法改變其對於微笑與嫌惡臉孔靠近與遠離的行為傾向。以及無法透過改變社會焦慮者對微笑與嫌惡臉孔的行為傾向，而改變其社會目標。研究者最後也針對本研究之限制與未來相關研究提出建議與討論。

關鍵字

趨近迴避作業；趨近迴避行為；社會焦慮；社會目標

並列摘要

When individuals have higher social avoidance goals and lower social approach goals, they will experience higher relationship anxiety, higher loneliness, and lower relationship satisfaction in social relationships. People with high social anxiety have more social avoidance goals and lower social approach goals in social interactions and often stay away from the crowd. The purpose of present study is to test whether the behavioral tendency of social anxious individuals can be changed, and whether the change of behavioral tendency can change their social goals. The present study adopts an experimental method. The social anxious individuals are randomly assigned to four groups to receive approach-avoidance task training. They are two experimental groups (approaching smile faces and approaching disgust faces), and two control groups corresponding to the two experimental groups. We used three-way ANCOVA as the main analysis methods. The results reveal that: (1) There is no significant difference in the reaction time of approaching the smile faces between the group of approaching the smile faces with the control group of not approaching the smile faces (2) There is no significant difference in the reaction time of avoiding the disgust faces between the group of approaching the disgust faces with the control group of not approaching the disgust faces. (3) There is no significant difference in the social approach goals between the group of approaching the smile faces with the control group of not approaching the smile faces from pre-test to post-test (4) There is no significant difference in the social avoidance goals between the group of approaching the disgust faces with the control group of not approaching the disgust faces from pre-test to post-test (5) There is no significant difference in the social approach goals between the group of approaching the smile faces with the group of approaching the disgust faces from pre-test to post-test (6) There is no significant difference in the social avoidance goals between the group of approaching the smile faces with the group of approaching the disgust faces from pre-test to post-test. We discuss study limitations and provide suggestions for future research.

並列關鍵字

approach avoidance task ； approach avoidance behavior ； social anxiety ； social goal

參考文獻

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

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https://doi.org/10.6550/ACP.201912_13(1_2).0004

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行為傾向的改變對社會焦慮者的趨近與迴避目標之影響

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