「褒忠」匾與黑香旗：新竹枋寮褒忠亭義民廟的物質文化史考察

以物質文化研究的視角研究新竹枋寮褒忠亭義民廟，可見褒忠亭義民廟透過物件彰顯自身的正統性與地位，擴大義民爺的信仰。從匾額可以看到過去新竹枋寮褒忠亭義民廟與地方社會和政權的互動。嘉慶7年（1802）後，新竹枋寮褒忠亭才開始和乾隆御筆「褒忠」御匾有緊密的論述。其中，「褒忠」御匾更是竹塹地區粵民的特意設計，巧妙地將原作為里名匾額的御匾，轉化成奉祀義民亡靈的王朝嘉勉。匾額之外，另一個攸關義民爺信仰傳播的重要物件為黑香旗。黑香旗之於信眾是相當重要的媒介，透過黑香旗進行對義民爺的供奉、迎請。因黑香旗其易於攜帶的物性，使黑香旗成為義民爺信仰散播於臺灣各地的關鍵物件。因各地區各時代面臨的社會挑戰不同，黑香旗也發展出因地制宜的功能，顯現出信眾解決問題的能力。日本時代，新竹枋寮褒忠亭義民廟面臨最大的問題為統治者從滿洲皇帝轉變為日本天皇，原本「褒忠」御匾的官方性消失。當時的褒忠亭義民廟協議會經由斡旋，使褒忠亭義民廟可以延續，日本官方也將褒忠亭義民廟轉化為「盡忠報國」之廟宇。戰後，「褒忠」御匾又興起一次散播，臺灣各地的義民爺祭祀場所紛紛掛起「褒忠」御匾，複製了枋寮褒忠亭義民廟的模式，清代的歷史記憶再次被召喚。戰後社會經濟背景的改變，以及當時的政治局勢，皆助長了「褒忠」御匾又再一次地複製。義民爺信仰也成了戰後臺灣客家意識之集結。在面臨語言急遽流失的情況下，客家人產生認同危機，1980年代開始了臺灣客家運動，臺灣客家人以義民爺為號召，集結臺灣客家意識。義民祭活動獲得了中央與地方政府的支持，黑香旗和「褒忠」御匾也有了在都會區公開展示的機會，臺灣客家人的群體認同藉此不斷地受到加強。

關鍵字

義民廟；義民爺；物質文化；林爽文事件；客家

並列摘要

Researching Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple with the point of material culture study , we can find out that Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple use the substance to manifest their legitimacy and position . Furthermore , Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple rely the substance to broaden their religion. The tablets reveal How Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple interacted with the local society and the state. In fact , Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple Started to narrative the relationship between the “Baozhong” tablet and the Yi-min Temple after 1802. The “Baozhong” tablet which is hung in Yi-min temple is a special design by Yi-min, literally “righteous people”. The tablets were hung on the door of village originally , but Yi-min who lived in Zhu Qian convert the tablet into the thing which can hold a memorial ceremony for died Yi-min. Black pilgrimage flags are important items about Yi-min Ye belief. For believers, Black pilgrimage flags are quite substantial , they rely on Black pilgrimage flags to pray to Yi-min Ye. Because Black pilgrimage flags are easy to carry , the flags have become significant things about Yi-min Ye belief in Taiwan. Due to different area and era , Black pilgrimage flags develop dissimilar function. The capability of solving problems had were shown. Under Japanese Colonial rule Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple faced the problem which was the ruler was the Japanese Emperor not the Qing emperor. Therefore, the authoritativeness of “Baozhong” tablet faded away. Yi-min Temple council mediated the Temple Reorganization about Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple .In the event Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple lasted out. The japan official regarded Yi-min Temple as A temple which was loyal and patriotic. In the Post-war period, “Baozhong” tablet was spread again. Many Yi-min Temples in Taiwan hanged Baozhong” tablets, reproducing the mode of Xinpu Baozhong Yi-min Temple, summoning up the historical memory in Qing. The Change of society, economy and political situation encourage that. Yi-min Ye belief assembled Post-war Taiwan Hakka identity. Taiwan Hakka people feel the crunch about Hakka identity due to Hakkanese had faded rapidly. Thus Taiwan Hakka movement arose in 1980s, Taiwan Hakka people assembled with Yi-min Ye belief. As a result , Yi-min festival obtain support from government, Black pilgrimage flags and “Baozhong” tablet have chance to display in metropolis. Taiwan Hakka identity improve unceasingly through the display.