中國大陸學術機構興辦企業之成因與改制政策－以科學院和清華為探討核心

中國大陸學術機構興辦的企業，其數量之多舉世罕見，而且學術機構不僅投資這些企業，也管理這西企業，企業內的經理可能同时是學校的成員。本文透過對相關單位文件的探到和深度訪談法，發現形成這種現象的原因，是1980年代中中共「科研應爲提昇生產力服務的政策以及學術機構將科研成果移轉給一般企業的困難性。由於部分學術機構興辦的企業效率高於傳統的國營企業，因此學術機構興辦企業獲得了一些而卸均評價。然而這種「校企不分」的現象也產生了許多問題，導致了1990年代末開始進行的改制政策。加上2003年，中共在政策上確認，「投資主體多元化的股份制公司」是設有競爭力的企業，因此新的政策不但要求學術機構不要直接管理企業，只能透過控股公司經營所投資的企業，並且希望學術機構將持股出脫給社會上的投資者。綜言之，中國大陸校辦企業的發展，可能是一連串受觀念轉變影響的制度演化過程。

關鍵字

產學關係；校辦企業；中國科學院；北京清華大學；制度演化

並列摘要

The Chinese Academy of Sciences and many universities of China not only own companies but also manage them directly. Managers of companies could be staffs of universities. With research on documents and interviews this article find that the reasons of such phenomena are the state policy that sciences and researches should contribute to the economic productivity and the difficulty of transferring research achievements to usual companies. Since some university-managed enterprises have higher efficiency than traditional state enterprises, there are some positive opinions about them. But they also lead to some problems and reforms are required. In addition 2003 the Communist Party of China has confirmed the policy that ‘the joint-stock company with multiple shareholders' is the most competitive enterprise. So the new policy not only demands the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the universities to manage their companies only through holding companies but also demands them to sale their shares to private investors, Our conclusion is: the development of university-managed or-owned enterprises is a process of evolution of institutions under influence of change of ideas.