美國與臺灣就業歧視法制之舉證責任與適當比較基礎問題初探

The Burden of Proof and the Similarly Situated Comparator in the Employment Discrimination Law - A Comparative Research between America and Taiwan Law

傅柏翔(Bo-Shone Fu)

《法令月刊》 69卷9期 (2018/09) Pp. 73-105

https://doi.org/10.6509/TLM.201809_69(9).0005

摘要

就業歧視法制度在我國施行已經超過25年，隨著法制的逐漸齊備和政府以及民間組織的持續推廣，就業歧視之理念已廣為大眾所知。進而，大家開始思考日常切身是否亦有就業歧視之發生，並開始考慮透過法律來維護權利的可能性。然其首要將面臨的門檻問題是，「如何認定就業歧視之存在」以及「誰要負責證明歧視之存在」。若未能先針對此些議題進行界定，歧視爭議之處理恐怕將成為眾說紛紜，你說有歧視我卻說應該沒成立的口水大戰。為能深入的分析此議題，本文擬先透過比較法之研究，分析美國就業歧視法制在處理相關問題時的現況以及相關挑戰和應對方針，尤其是針對其運用「適當比較基礎」和「舉證責任轉換規則」來輔助認定就業歧視之成效進行研討，並試圖從中歸納出可供我國參酌的執行經驗和原理原則。進而，再歸納我國行政法院相關案例，觀察我國在認定就業歧視案件時，呈現什麼樣的脈絡樣態，並和美國法之經驗進行比較討論，最終，試圖提出相關之建議，供各界參考。

關鍵字

就業歧視 ； 差別待遇歧視 ； 舉證責任轉換 ； 適當比較基礎 ； 美國1964年民權法案第七章 ； 就業服務法 ； 性別工作平等法

並列摘要

After more than 25 years of efforts on implementing the employment discrimination laws, the legal awareness of employment discrimination has been rooted in general public’s mind. Many people are now capable of screening their living experience and workplace for possible discriminations. Moreover, some of them may start to consider the possibility to mobilize their rights through the employment discrimination law regime. This will lead them to the threshold questions: how can we recognize the discrimination and who bears the burden of proving discrimination. The use of ＂Similarly Situated Comparator＂ and the ＂Shifting of the Burden of Proof＂ play the key role in these discussions. Without clarifying these issues, the investigation of discrimination will end up to be a meaningless ＂he said and she said＂ story. To analyze these issues, this article first initiates the comparative law research on U.S. employment discrimination laws to gather its implementing experience on recognizing discrimination and the allocation of the burden of proof. On the ground of this comparative research, a further analysis based on related Taiwan Administrative Court employment discrimination cases is conducted to shed light on Taiwan court's attitude and practice on these two key issues. By comparing the U.S. and Taiwan's court practice and theoretical developments, this article provides some recommendations to improve the employment discrimination law regimes and hope to raise comparative law discussions on related issues.

並列關鍵字

Employment Discrimination ； Disparate Treatment ； Shifting the Burden of Proof ； Similarly Situated Comparator ； Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ； Employment Service Act ； Act of Gender Equality in Employment

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