- 學位論文
社會模型之實踐與侷限：以英國里茲老人與障礙者的交通方案為例
The Implementation and Limitation of the Social Model: A Case Study of Transport Policy for the Senior and Disabled People in Leeds, UK
摘要
本文透過英國里茲老人與障礙者的交通運輸政策，從社會模型理論觀點探討英國地方政府在提供老人與障礙者交通服務過程的具體作為，並檢視英國在交通政策規劃與實施過程的現況。研究中訪談五名里茲的交通運輸政策規劃相關人員，與四名當地六十歲以上的使用者，並將兩者的經驗相互對照。研究發現，在政策規劃方面，受到福利國家面臨資源危機的改革影響，地方政府的權責加重，但資源的有限性使得社會模型所提倡的直接支持架構難以落實其預期目標，也使交通政策的可近性目標難以達成，或一再拖延。再者，老人與障礙者的交通運輸政策是確保其生活圈的重要媒介。然而政策規劃的第一線工程師與使用者之間缺乏對話機制，可能是造成理想與現實落差的另一個重要因素。此外，交通運輸政策中，老人或身心障礙者的分類方式對促進交通可近性方面並沒有特別的貢獻，透過社會模型的觀點看見的是老人與障礙者同樣都有外出的阻礙，只是面向不同。政策措施中的各種規範與限制，反倒加深社會對這兩個族群的偏見或烙印。直接支持給付的施行偏離社會模型的理想，它不僅無法去除社會環境導致的障礙經驗，更讓障礙者陷入需要獨自面對交通不可近的困境。不過，在直接給付措施實施的過程中，評估守門員具有兩面性：替政府把關資源以及支持申請者獲取各種服務。在以交通工程與技術專業為主的交通運輸領域中，社會福利部門其實更扮演著輸送交通運輸服務的重要角色。
並列摘要
The aim of this study is to examine the transportation policy and its implementation in Leeds, UK, through the lens of the social model of disability. My main study population focus on the local elderly residents and disabled people. By interviewing with five related staff involved in decision making and affiliated to different transport units, and with four other transport users over 60, the analyses of this study are benefited substantially from the comparison and contrast between the users’ first-hand experiences and the policy makers’ blueprint in theory. The ideal of the social model is hard to be fulfilled by the direct payment program due to the crisis of the social welfare state. Among all transportation policies, the scheme of direct payments is regarded as one of the most workable ways to guarantee the transport accessibility for the senior and disabled people promised in Social Model. Affected by nationwide fiscal difficulties, the local government is handed over more authority to implement transport policies. However, confined to its limited resource, the program encounters problems to be accomplished or is even postponed timelessly. Moreover, the implementation of the transport policy is key to ensure the quality in all spheres of everyday life for the senior and disabled people on the daily basis. However, lacking communication between engineers and users extends the gap between theoretical goals and the reality. To categorize the senior from disabled people helps little to enhance accessibility in making transport policies. The perspective of the social model foregrounds a very fact that either of these two groups is isolated from the social participation by the same reason of environmental barriers rather than by the variety of disability. The differential policy ignores their immobility in common. As the result, it cannot remove but intensifies stereotypes or stigma upon these people respectively. Rather than reducing social, environmental factors that are responsible for the immobility of the elderly as well as disabled people, the scheme of direct payments instead puts them in an isolated circumstance of confronting transport inaccessibility alone. As an important indicator of making transportation accessible to all, despite this scheme unexpectedly drifts from the ideal of self-directed support central at the heart of the social model, it brings the double role of social welfare department to the fore in terms of transporting transportation services. The gatekeeper, on the one hand, must guard the limited resources from being wasted; on the other, has to help an applicant receive all kinds of services he or she needs.