芳香植物葉精油及揮發性成分對白線斑紋及埃及斑蚊之忌避及殺蚊效果

Insecticidal and repellent effects of aromatic plant leave extracts and essential oils on Aede salbopictus Skuse and Aedes aegypt L.

鄭君宜(Chun-Yi Cheng)

指導教授 ： 傅炳山

國立屏東科技大學/農學院/農園生產系所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2009.00021

摘要

植物二次代謝物為植物生存不可缺少之物質，其中芳香植物之二次代謝物具有抗菌活性、抗蟲活性、抗氧化活性等功能，為了解具有揮發性精油成分之芳香植物對病媒蚊忌避效果之優劣，本研究以19種具有香味的草本及木本新鮮葉片之酒精萃取物，分別針對白線斑蚊（Aedes salbopictus Skuse）及埃及斑蚊（Aedes aegypt L.）進行驅蚊試驗。驅蚊試驗以人體試驗重覆進行。結果顯示，測試的19種植物萃取液與對照組（70％的酒精）相比都有顯著差異，推測在短時間內對病媒蚊都有不錯的忌避效果，19 種植物中對白線斑蚊之驅蚊效果以台灣土肉桂、芳樟、甜馬郁蘭最為顯著，其忌避率分別為100%、99.17%及99.17%。埃及斑紋在1分鐘忌避百分率中以芳香萬壽菊、大薰衣草、香茅、玫瑰天竺葵、百里香、貓薄荷、巴西乳香的效果較顯著，在3分鐘及5分鐘忌避百分率中沒有顯著性差異。
分析驅蚊效果較佳之芳樟、甜馬郁蘭、台灣土肉桂等三種酒精萃取液之香氣成份，發現含有對昆蟲有致死效果的成份，利用世界衛生組織（World Health Organization, WHO）所規定的殺蚊試驗筒，以及標準試驗流程，對蚊子進行殺蚊試驗，芳樟、甜馬郁蘭、台灣土肉桂精油對白線斑蚊之LC50分別為306.82 mg/cm2約為稀釋18倍、583.82 mg/cm2約為稀釋9.5倍、358 mg/cm2約為稀釋15.5倍；芳樟、甜馬郁蘭、台灣土肉桂精油對埃及斑蚊之LC50分別為673.28 mg/cm2約為稀釋8.5倍、953.78 mg/cm2約為稀釋5.7倍、410.48 mg/cm2約為稀釋13.5倍，此三種精油對白線斑蚊的效果都優於埃及斑蚊，其三種精油對白線斑蚊殺蚊效果為芳樟＞台灣土肉桂＞甜馬郁蘭，而三種精油對埃及斑蚊的殺蚊效果為台灣土肉桂＞芳樟＞甜馬郁蘭。
水蒸氣萃取三種芳香植物精油，並以以氣相層析儀/氣相層析質譜儀定性，顯示芳樟精油其主要成份為沉香醇，佔55.38±7.43％、樟腦次之，佔15.20±6.03％，其餘成份則低於2％；甜馬郁蘭精油，其主要成份為沉香醇，佔21.99±0.50％、松節油-4-醇次之，佔9.48±2.17％、香葉烯佔5.92±0.69％、水合側柏烯佔4.09±0.79％，其餘成份則低於4％；台灣土肉桂精油，其主要成份為對聚繖花素佔18.45±2.68％，其餘依次為1,8桉油酚佔13.37±2.45％、桂皮酸乙酯佔7.89±2.59、α-蒎烯佔7.41±1.17％、肉桂醛佔5.95±0.82％，其餘成份則低於3％。
芳樟、甜馬郁蘭、台灣土肉桂萃取液對白線斑蚊忌避效果佳，但此三種萃取液只有台灣土肉桂萃取液對埃及斑蚊較有效，殺蚊一樣以台灣土肉桂精油對兩種蚊子均有效且稀釋13.5倍，對兩種蚊種都有半數致死的效果；芳樟精油次之，須稀釋8.5倍；甜馬郁蘭精油須稀釋5倍。

關鍵字

白線斑蚊 ； 埃及斑蚊 ； 忌避 ； 殺蚊 ； 精油 ； LC50

並列摘要

Plant secondary metabolites are essential substances in plant life. So far as we know essential oil and volatile substances in aromatic plant are especially with functions of antibiotic activity, anti-insect activeness, oxidation resistance activeness. For more understanding the repellent effects of volatile components of aromatic plants, 19 varieties of aromatic plants were used for experiments on Aedes salbopictus Skuse and Aedes aegypt L.
The repellent experiments in human body were taken by using ethanol extracts of leaves on Aedes salbopictus and Aedes aegypt. More effective on each mosquito species by extracts had been found from 19 aromatic plants than contract. We thought effective repellents might happen in the short time from the beginning to mosquitoes. The repellent effect of the Aede salbopictus by Cinnamomum osmophloeum, Cinnamomum camphora, Origanum majorana were most remarkable, the repellency was 100 %, 99.17 % and 99.17 % respectively. The repellent effects expressed most remarkable to the Aedes aegypt were Tagetes Lemmonii, Lavandula heterophylla, Cymbopogon winterianus, Pelargonium roseum, Thymus vulgaris, Nepeta Parnassica, Schinus terbinthifolia in 1 minute, but no dominant in 3 minutes and 5 minutes. Many lethal ingredients to insect had been found from the volatile components of the ethanol extracts of Cinnamomum osmophloeum, Cinnamomum camphora and Origanum majorana.
According the filter-paper contact toxicity bioassay method, three kinds of essential oils against Aedes salbopictus and Aedes aegypt were examined. As the result, essential oil of Cinnamomum osmophloeum, Cinnamomum camphora, Origanum majorana to lethal concentration 50% （LC50）of Aedes salbopictus was 306.82 mg/cm2 which approximately to dilute 18 times, 583.82 mg/cm2 to dilute 9.5 times and 358 mg/cm2 to dilute 15.5 times respectively. The effects on Aedes aegypt of LC50 were detected 673.28 mg/cm2 approximately to dilute 8.5 times, 953.78 mg/cm2 to dilute 5.7 times and 410.48 mg/cm2 to dilute 13.5 times respectively. More effective on Aedes salbopictus than Aedes aegypt was observed. The insecticidal effects of essential oil on Aedes salbopictus showed orderly as follows: Cinnamomum camphora＞Cinnamomum osmophloeum＞Origanum majorana; on Aedes aegypt by Cinnamomum osmophloeum＞Cinnamomum camphora＞Origanum majorana.
The main compounds of essential oil in Cinnamomum camphora were determined as Linalool（55.38％）and Camphor（15.20％） althrough the others contained less than 2％. The main compounds of Origanum majorana were Linalool（21.98％）, Terpineol-4（9.47％）and others were less than 5％. The main compounds of Cinnamomum osmophloeum were ρ-Cymene（18.44％）, 1,8-Cineole（13.36％）, Cinnamyl acetate（7.89％）, α-Pinene（7.41％）, Cinnamic aldehyde（5.94％）and others were less than 3％. The whole compounds were determined by GC and GC-MS.
Althrough leave extracts of Cinnamomum osmophloeum, Cinnamomum camphoraand, Origanum majorana indicated clearly effects on Aedes salbopictus, but only Cinnamomum osmophloeu was effective to the Aedes aegyp. Insecticidal effect of Cinnamomum osmophloeu was evidently on each species even dilutes to 13.5 times still had half lethal observed. There were half lethal in Origanum majorana when diluted to 8.5 times and Cinnamomum osmophloeum diluted to 5 times.

並列關鍵字

Aedes salbopictus ； Aedes aegyp ； repellent ； insecticidal ； essential oil ； LC50

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