Agriculture is known to be the basis of industrial development; and agricultural science and technology is the basis of agricultural production. The concept and application of agricultural science and technology in Taiwan in the past 40 years were reviewed. The change in objectives and methodology of rice breeding since 1929 up to present time was evaluated with special emphasis on the change in the methodology of hybrid rice breeding. The importance of germplasm collection and utilization was stressed with the known examples. The present status and future prospect of applying biotechnology, tissue culture in crop and animal improvement as well as the prospect of applying biotechnology for plant protection etc. were viewed and discussed.