義大利自主主義運動與政治馬克思主義：對《帝國》的脈絡化解讀與批判

Italian Autonomism and Political Marxism: A Contextualized Reading and Critique of Empire

萬毓澤(Poe Yu-Ze Wan)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 18期 (2006/09) Pp. 93-149

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532006090018003

摘要

Antonio Negri與Michael Hardt合著的《帝國》已於近年引發討論熱潮。論者在側重《帝國》的某些主題（最有名者如「民族國家」的主權形式已轉化為「帝國」的主權形式）時，往往忽略了《帝國》其他的討論面向，如資本主義危機理論、勞動的非物質化、經濟的資訊化、「諸眾」做為新的反抗主體等。本文認為，若要適切地理解這些面向，必須把《帝國》乃至晚近的相關作品都擺置在義大利「自主馬克思主義」的脈絡之下，方能見樹亦見林。因此，本文追溯了義大利自主馬克思主義的發展軌跡，討論了Negri等人對馬克思部分重要作品的獨到見解，並試圖將自主馬克思主義定位為一種「政治馬克思主義」。透過批判政治馬克思主義的不足之處，本文也一併檢討了自主馬克思主義以及《帝國》之中若干啟人疑竇的論點。

關鍵字

帝國 ； 自主馬克思主義 ； 政治馬克思主義 ； 工人主義 ； 政治經濟學批判大綱 ； 階級構成 ； 內格里

並列摘要

Empire, co-authored by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt, has aroused considerable interest and controversy. While discussions center around important themes (the best-known of which is the emergence of a new global imperial form of sovereignty), critical attention paid to other aspects, such as the capitalist crisis theory, the immaterialization of labor, the informatization of economy, and the genealogy of ”multitude” as an ontological category of subjectivity, is relatively insufficient. In this essay I argue that only when these aspects are located in the context of Italian ”autonomist Marxism” can they be properly understood. Therefore I briefly sketch the trajectory of Italian autonomism, discuss thereupon Negri and others' idiosyncratic exposition and elaboration of Marx's theory, and finally I attempt to interpret autonomist Marxism as a variant of ”political Marxism.” In offering a critique of political Marxism, this essay also reconsiders some of the problematic arguments found in autonomist Marxism and Empire.

並列關鍵字

Empire ； autonomist Marxism ； political Marxism ； operaismo ； Grundrisse ； class composition ； Antonio Negri

參考文獻

Abse, Tobias(1985).Judging the PCI.(New Left Review, no.153: oo).

Abse, Tobias(2002).The Professor in the Balaclava: Toni Negri and Autonomist Politics.What Next? no. 22.

Anderson, Perry(1980).Arguments Within English Marxism.London:Verso.

Armstrong, Phillip,Andrew Glyn,John Harrison(1991).Capitalism Since 1945.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.

Arthur, Christopher J.,Campbell, Martha(eds.),Geert Reuten(eds.)(2002).The Culmination of Capital: Essays on Volume III of Marx's Capital.New York:Palgrave.