1916年「黑人女性全國聯盟」接管「道格拉斯之家」動機之研究

The Case Study of the National Association of Colored Women and the Douglass Home

黃文齡(Wen-Ling Huang)

《東吳歷史學報》 28期 (2012/12) Pp. 149-182

https://doi.org/10.29457/SJH.201212.0004

摘要

「黑人女性全國聯盟」（the National Association of Colored Women）從「道格拉斯紀念館與歷史協會」（The Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association）手中接下管理「道格拉斯之家」的任務。當「邦聯之女聯合會」觸發了創造南方歷史的動機，造成黑人歷史上的危機之際，「道格拉斯之家」是黑人歷史發展延續性的具體展現。她們將「道格拉斯之家」視為黑人文化的公共財、以道格拉斯的成就喚醒種族的自信心、用「道格拉斯之家」延續爭取內戰歷史解釋權的角力、並藉此證明黑人女性的能力。透過這個研究，我們也可以瞭解黑人女性在保留和宣揚黑人文化的過程中，居間扮演了保管者（preservers）和行動者（agents）的角色。在本研究中，「黑人女性全國聯盟」運用「道格拉斯之家」為媒介，不僅讓黑人歷史成為國家的歷史記憶中的一部份，也進一步重新界定黑人的自我認同。在提昇對於道格拉斯記憶過程中，既強調黑人在內戰中為美國的貢獻，有助於黑人社會整體意識的凝聚，也凸顯他們與白人社會的不同。於是，種族記憶與個人記憶變得息息相關；記憶承擔更多的責任，每個人都有責任記得和保護這些記憶。

關鍵字

黑人女性全國聯盟 ； 道格拉斯之家 ； 道格拉斯 ； 內戰

並列摘要

It is the work about the National Association of Colored Women took charge of the Douglass Home from the hand of the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association. At the same time, the United Daughters of the Confederacy initiated the re-explanation the role the South playing in the Civil War and kept the Confederate culture through the efforts of erecting the monuments, the memorials, and the improved textbooks of history. To face those challenges, the National Association of Colored Women chose to honor the Douglass Home as a response. This house fitted perfectly with the agenda for racial uplift of the National Association of Colored Women. Moreover, from the standpoint of collective memory, the National Association of Colored Women used this building for other tactics. They created Black indentify on their own terms. They used Douglass Home as the showcase to present the black prides and achievements, to demonstrate the progress and ability of the black community, to awaken the racial respectability and self-esteem, to urge the black history as a part of American history, and to prove the morality and ability of black women as the white women. To enhance the important historical meanings of Frederick Douglass, they not only emphasized Blacks' contributions to the Civil War, but also concreted Blacks' consciousness to highlight their differences from the whites. When the historical memory became the duty memory, personal memory was closely bound up to the racial memory. The National Association of Colored Women was both preservers and agents in all those processes.

並列關鍵字

National Association of Colored Women ； Douglass Home ； Frederick Douglass ； Civil War

參考文獻

National Park Service, accessed, October 4, 2012, http://www.nps.gov/frdo/index.htm.

Monuments and Memorials in Washington DC, accessed, October 4, 2012, http://dc.about.com/cs/sightseeing/a/Monuments.htm

Jones, Beverly Washington(ed.)(1990).Quest for Equality: The Life and Writings of Mary Eliza Church Terrell, 1863-1954.Brooklyn, NY:Carlson Pub..

Gilks, Cheryl Townsend(1988).Building in Many Places: Multiple Commitments and Ideologies in Black Women's Community Workm.Women and the Politics of Empowerment.(Women and the Politics of Empowerment).:

Elizabeth Lindsay Davis, Lifting as They Climb: The National Association of Colored Women (Washington, DC: National Association of Colored Women, 1933).