長江流域長尺度特大洪水環境考古與宏觀治理研究

Extreme Flood Environmental Archaeology and Macroscopical Renovation in the Yangtze River Basin

朱誠(Cheng Zhu) ； 張蕓(Yun Zhang) ； 吳建民(Jianmin Wu) ； 宋建(Jian Song)

《中華水土保持學報》 31卷3期 (2000/09) Pp. 239-246

https://doi.org/10.29417/JCSWC.200009_31(3).0007

摘要

考古地層和自然層型剖面地層對比研究發現，長江流域特大洪水古來有之，早在人口稀少、植被水土保持很好的史前8200BC、7800BC、7600BC和7500BC期間以及新石器時代6500〜6200BC、6100BC、5600〜5500BC、5100〜4800BC、4200〜4000BC、3700〜3600BC和2200BC期間，在考古遺址地層和自然地層中廣泛存在著上述時代的洪積地層證據。從宏觀上分析，長江流域有史（甚至史前）以來不斷的洪澇災害是由於中國東西向分佈的水系格局和與其平行分佈的降水帶移動造成的。從此角度看，中國洪澇災害的發生不受人的意志而轉移的。爲此，我們應更多考慮宏觀治理的對策，加快南水北調和類似都江堰大型分洪灌綜合工程建設是整治災害的上策。此外，加強對河流坡降度、湖泊和海面上升對河流頂托作用、泥沙沖淤問題的研究；以法律手段落實植樹造林、水土保持、控制工程土石方入江、加固堤壩修建，以及在當前對兩大湖區圍墾的數千萬畝農田採取「低水種植、高水還湖」是整治長江並解決分洪區人口安置與資源充分利用問題最有效的手段之一。

關鍵字

長江特大洪水 ； 考古地層學證據 ； 文化斷層 ； 環境考古 ； 洪水治理

並列摘要

The study of archaeological stratigraphy reveals that the Yangtze River Basin exists a lot of extremely deluge evidence, the floods occurred during the prehistoric 8200BC, 7800BC, 7600BC, and 7500BC and the Neolithic Age 6500~6200BC, 6100BC, 5600~55OOBC, 5100~4800BC, 4200~4000BC, 3700-3600BC, and 2200BC. Macroscopical analyses show that continuous flood disasters in the Yangtze River and the Yellow river Basins since the historical (even prehistorical) periods are mainly formed by the Chinese water system which distributes from west to east and parallel to the moving precipitation belt. Regarding this fact, we cannot avoid the occurrence of the flood disasters. Therefore, we should take renovation countermeasures more macroscopically, for example, to accelerate the construction of transferring southern water to northern part and great water diversion and conservation project like Dujiangyan engineering is the best plan to control the disasters. On the other hand, we should pay more attention to study river fall and gradient, barrier of lake and sea level uplift to the river water, accumulation and wash of mud and sand in river bed, use law to carry out tree planting and afforestation, preservation of water and soil fertility, forbid to throw engineering ground and block into the Yangtze River, reinforce the river dykes and dams. At present, the measure of taking ＂plant in low water level and return to the lake in high water level＂ to the lake area with decade million mu cultivated farmland is one of the most effective measures to resolve the problem of population arrange and resources utilization.

並列關鍵字

extreme flood in the Yangtze River ； archaeological stratigraphy evidence ； cultural interruption ； buried paleotree ； environmental archaeology ； flood control