難以跨越的鴻溝？－諮商老手的意圖與行動之落差

本研究旨在探索諮商老手在諮商過程中意圖與行動的落差經驗。以深度訪談與人際回憶訪談分別蒐集諮商老手過去曾經歷過與目前正經歷的落差經驗之敘說資料。藉由5位諮商老手，共蒐集到24個落差經驗。資料分析結果顯示，在內涵上，諮商老手的落差經驗是一種卡住的感覺，也是期待自己越做越好的理想追求，且落差經驗只是一種破綻或裂痕，而不是難以跨越的鴻溝。產生落差的原因是諮商師的用語習慣、缺乏自信、個性太急、錯誤的諮商理念、疏忽當事人的狀態或當事人動機不足。諮商師要覺察到落差，則可透過自我覺察、他人告知以及行為觀察與評估等管道。諮商師一旦發現落差，就會啟動因應的歷程，透過反省、評估與重新建立假設，將落差經驗正向化，以及不斷追求卓越的歷程，成為技巧熟練與理念成熟的諮商老手，另外，還經常在諮商中形成改變的契機。因意圖與行動是描述諮商師行為與預測諮商成效的重要向度，一旦發現落差即啟動修正歷程，可謂極富行動力。在諮商實務的應用上，本研究的結果除了可讓諮商老手、諮商新手在實務工作與專業發展中善加利用，也可以提供諮商督導和諮商教育工作者進行督導或教學時的參考。

關鍵字

諮商老手；意圖；行動；落差經驗

並列摘要

This study aimed to explore seasoned counselors' experiences of discrepancy between intention and action in the counseling process. Data were collected from five experienced counselors via in-depth interview and interpersonal process recall (IPR) interview; that is, the experiences include memory of the past and current counseling experiences.The results are as follows. In contents, the seasoned counselors' experiences of discrepancy between their intentions and actions were ”feelings of getting stuck” and ”hoping to be better”. In properties, the experiences of discrepancy were cracks rather than unrecoverable errors. The contributing factors of discrepancy were the counselors' idiographic verbal expressions, the lack of confidence, quick temper, inappropriate rationale, negligence of counseling situations, and the lack of motivation of client. The three channels in which counselors discovered the experiences of discrepancy were: self awareness, others' comments, as well as behavior observation and evaluation. As soon as counselors became aware of the discrepancy, they started the process of coping. The strategies of coping were ”introspection, assessment, and hypothesis testing”, ”positive regard for discrepancy”, and ”in pursuit of excellence”. When coped successfully, they became skilled and matured experts. And, the discrepancy always became the impetus to change in counseling process.Both intention and action were important predictors of counseling outcomes. The experiences of discrepancy were filled with powerful action because corrective process started immediately as soon as counselors acknowledged the discrepancy. In the development of professionalism, the phenomenon of discrepancy can be useful for the experts and novices. Findings of the study are also relevant to supervision and counselor education.