台灣童話的「在地化」省思　黃春明及鄭清文作品研究

An Analysis on the Localization of Taiwan's Fairytales: A Study of Huang Chun Ming and Zheng Qing Wen's Writing

戴淑芳(Tai Suk Fong)

《兒童文學學刊》 16期 (2006/11) Pp. 213-243

https://doi.org/10.6739/ttchl.200611_(16).0008

摘要

台灣文學由五、六○年代的現代化，經歷七、八○年代的鄉土文學論爭，以至九○年代所謂後現代文學，「在地化」成為其中重要的議題。「在地化」的最大迷思，是怎樣界定「鄉土」。兒童與上一代人可能並無太多共同的記憶。加上台灣本土生活經驗隨著都市化，呈現出新的面貌，昔日的集體經驗，例如農村生活、日據時代的政治影響等，電視文化成長下的一代未必會有同感。鄉土頓成為失落的記憶。童話如何傳遞五○至九○年代的台灣歷史和生活經驗？作家如何將成人經驗與兒童的幻想世界聯繫起來？是通過何種意象來打動兒童去尋找和探索自己的文化土壤？「在地化」源於人對「尋根」的渴望，是每個文化歸依和排拒傳統的必經過程。對兒童來說，「在地化」代表的可能是歸屬感與安全感的泉源，而不是抽象的概念論述。本文探討「鄉土」的三個定義，第一、地理上的原鄉；第二、精神上的原鄉；第三、本土（心靈內在，如自我）與外地（心靈外部，如社會規範）的對立概念，試圖展示台灣童話的「在地化」現象的意義。本文又以葉聖陶的童話〈稻草人〉引入台灣童話發展的現狀一隅，借用黃春明及鄭清文的作品，解釋作家如何通過具體的意象，呈現自然環境的關懷、固有文化的認同及童年回憶的追思，構築幻想與現實結合的「鄉土」。

關鍵字

台灣文化 ； 童話 ； 在地化 ； 懷鄉 ； 鄉土

並列摘要

Taiwan literature came across modernization in the 1950s to 1960s, experiencing dispute on native literature and so-called post-modern literature in the 1990s, ＂localization＂ becomes an important topic. The main concern of ＂localization＂ is how to define ＂native-ness＂. Children and the older generation may not share much collective memories. Urbanization changes Taiwanese's native life experiences and emerges with a new social outlook; the television generation is rather unfamiliar with rural life and political influence under Japanese colonial era. ＂Native-ness＂ becomes a kind of loosen memory. How do fairytales transmit Taiwan's history and people's life experiences? How do authors connect their observation of reality with children's fantasy world? How to encourage children to search for and explore their own culture through certain kind of images? ＂Native-ness＂ is based on the hope of root searching by people, signifying the necessary process of cultural integration and de-integration. In the view point of children, ＂native-ness＂ tends to represent a sense of belonging and security, instead of stead of discourse on abstract concepts. In this paper, ＂native-ness＂ consists of three definitions: firstly, the geographical native-ness; secondly, the spiritual native-ness; thirdly, the binary concept of local (inner mind, eg. ego) and outland (outer mind, eg. social norms). We will revel the meaning of ＂native-ness＂ of Taiwan's fairytales within these scopes. By examining Ye Shengtao's ＂Scarecrow＂, this paper introduces the development of Taiwan's fairytales, and explains how authors establish concern to natural environment, identity from homeland culture and connection with child's memories in order to construct a combined world of reality and fantasy, by using Huang Chunming and Zheng Qingwen's writing as examples.

並列關鍵字

Taiwan Literature ； Fairy Tale ； Localization ； Nostalgia ； Nativeness