刑事被告受律師協助權-以歐洲人權法院裁判為借鏡

The Right to Legal Assistance of Criminal Defendants－Use Judgments of European Court of Human Rights as Examples

呂雅婷(Ya-Ting Lu)

指導教授 ： 林鈺雄

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/法律學研究所/碩士(2007年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2007.02091

摘要

現代法治國家承認刑事被告的主體地位，享有防禦權，可以選擇親自行使為自己防禦，然而，大多數的刑事被告是法律門外漢，欠缺法律專業知識，法律文字與一般人民的情感間又時常存有若干落差，不黯法律的被告，有時連要聽懂擁有法律專業知識的國家機關的問題，恐怕都有問題，更遑論為自己為有效的防禦。這樣的實力落差，往往使得刑事被告不安與恐懼，難以確切地表達自己的意思，在此情況下，很容易會被裁判者誤會是心虛、言詞閃爍或狡辯，而導致誤判的結果。也因為如此，人類文明很早即發展出由具有法律專業知識之人（現代稱之為「律師」）來協助被告行使防禦權，稱之為「辯護制度」，其濫觴可遠溯自羅馬時期。

隨著刑事訴訟的發展揚棄糾問制度，邁向現代的控訴制度，在控訴制度構造下，更是突顯平衡刑事被告與實力強大的國家間的落差以實現公平審判/公正程序目的的重要性，如何避免程序主體－被告享有防禦權利淪為美麗的國王新衣，可謂刑事訴訟一直以來至為重要的課題，律師的功能與辯護制度的發展即為此重課題中的關鍵環節。

本文的開展是設定以刑事被告為主角的劇本，分析討論其受律師協助權的總論式與各論式的問題，現代的刑事訴訟思維，訴求的是被告防禦權內涵需要充實並且實質有效，由律師協助被告為防禦時亦是如此，道理很簡單，如果空言權利存在，說穿了這樣的權利不過是口惠而不實的謊言罷了；此外，為了充實刑事被告受律師協助權利的實質內涵，進一步地產生更為細緻發展的重要機制，比如刑事被告與律師的接見通訊權利、閱卷、以及其他衍生權利，在有效性的觀點下，如何進一步去細緻化切入具體問題，即為本論文討論的重點。

刑事程序問題與人權的保障間存有密切的關係，因此，本論文在比較法研究上選擇運作最具成效的國際人權機制－歐洲人權公約與歐洲人權法院裁判為參考借鏡的對象。歐洲人權法院在刑事被告受律師協助權範疇也面臨了許多與我國相同的問題，針對這些問題已然發展出定調的看法，並藉此宣示歐洲規格的人權保障標準，比如，受律師協助權的起點問題、國家機關對於在押被告與律師間接見通訊的干預問題、以及在「武器平等」原則之下，刑事被告接觸卷證的問題如何在有效保障其防禦權與犯罪偵查的公益此光譜的兩端間尋求衡平點，本論文擬一一引介歐洲人權法院處理這些相同問題的標竿裁判，為我國在思考相同問題，提供一個參考的視野與借鏡對象。

本論文的結構安排如下：
第一章：研究動機、研究方法、章節內容鋪排的說明。
第二章：為免見樹不見林，於本章先介紹歐洲人權公約第6條第3項所保障的刑事被告享有的最低度權利（受律師協助權為其中一環），其高密度的程序保障，以及相關的重要裁判見解。
第三章：聚焦到歐洲人權公約第6條第3項c款「刑事被告受律師協助權」部分，從相關的標竿裁判歸納出此範疇中重要的問題。
第四章：引介我國對於刑事被告受律師協助權所開展的論述，並對我國實務裁判所開展的刑事被告受律師協助權進行分類與歸納，以便於與比較法對象進行對照。
第五章：一一分析檢討在具體問題上如何向國際人權標準調校，並提供本文見解。
第六章：本文結論。

關鍵字

刑事被告受律師協助權 ； 有效協助,辯護制度 ； 公平審判 ； 接見通訊 ； 閱卷 ； 武器平等 ； 專業特權

並列摘要

The criminal procedure code in a modern legal country acknowledges the defendant’s principal status in the legal procedure. Enjoying the right to defense, the defendant can exercise this right in person. Nevertheless, it often occurs that the defendant does not possess professional legal knowledge; consequently, a certain degree of discrepancy exists between public feelings and legal provisions. Moreover, legal language is quite distinct from the common language. A defendant without legal knowledge would even find it difficult just to understand a legal issue or question posed by a national institution with professional legal knowledge, not to mention the ability to defend his/her rights effectively. Such a disparity in influence would further intensify the defendant’s fear and restlessness. In light of the lack of the ability to make clear expressions, the defendant would be easily misunderstood as being diffident, speaking evasively or quibbling, which would lead to misjudgment. Accordingly, it has long been established in human history to have a person with legal expertise to assist the defendant in exercising the right to defense, the so-called practice of the “defense system,” whose origin dated back to the Roman Period. Subsequently, along with the development in the structure of criminal proceedings, the prevalent Inquisitorial System in the Centralization era shifted to the Accusatorial System used in the modern era. Under the structure of the Accusatorial System, it evidently balances the disparity in the defendant’s power and the strong national authority, thereby to materialize the significance of fair procedure. Thus, how to prevent the principal role of the procedure – the defendant enjoys the right to defense – from falling into “The Emperor’s New Clothes” has always been an important issue. The development of the defense system and the function of legal assistance are important aspects of the major issue.

Legal problems have their own epoch characteristics. Along with the advance of time, new thinking is generated and more detailed issues emerge one after another. The intension of the defendant’s right to defense ought to be substantially effective and practical. That the defendant is assisted by the attorney at law also should achieve such efficiency and effectiveness. The reasons are simple: the existence of an empty right is equivalent to an unfulfilled promise or a lie. In addition, to substantiate the intension of the criminal defendant’s right of being assisted by the attorney, it is necessary to have the important mechanism of further generating more detailed development. For instance, the detainee has the right to consult and correspond with the attorney freely and privately, to access to relevant documents. Thus, how to further delve into the specific problem in a meticulous way is really an issue worthy of in-depth study.

The correlation between the criminal procedure problem and human rights protection is quite close. Accordingly, this thesis chooses to refer to the international regional human rights supervisory institution (the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the European Court of Human Rights) as the subject of the comparative law, introducing problems related to the European Court of Human Rights, how to reinforce the inlay and orientation in the trend of treatise, and the specific problems dealt under the assistance of the attorney; for example: When is the beginning point of the right to legal assistance of criminal defendants? When the government interferes in the consultations and correspondences between the attorney and the detainee, what are the reasonable and legitimate limits of such interference? Under the protection of “equality of arms,” the defendant’s right to gain access information ought to be guaranteed. Nonetheless, the public interests of investigating a crime must not be neglected. How, then, to balance and look after the two ends of this spectrum? How the European human rights courts determine on general criteria of European human rights protection through the interpretation of the Convention? Learning about how to respond and deal with these specific problems, I hope to offer another perspective to ponder over the problems when Taiwan is facing the same ones.

Here are the structures of this thesis:
Chapter Ⅰ: Introduce the research motive, research method, and the arrangement of this thesis.
Chapter Ⅱ: Introduce the intensive guarantees of Article 6-3 “The Minimum Rights of Criminal Defendants” and the relevant leading cases.
Chapter Ⅲ: Centralize on Article 6-3 c “Defense through Legal Assistance”, introduce the important judgments, and sort out some significant issues.
Chapter Ⅳ: Introduce the relevant discussions in Taiwan and sort relevant judgments of Taiwan’s Courts.
Chapter Ⅴ: Inspect some problems of Taiwan’s law stipulations and clinical operations, discuss, in order protect human rights, analyze how to revise these problems by referring to the standard of the European Court of Human Rights, and provide individual opinions.
Chapter Ⅵ: Conclusion.

並列關鍵字

the right to legal assistance ； defense system ； fair trial ； consultations and correspondences between the attorney and the detainee ； communicate freely and privately with counse ； access to documents ； equality of arms ； professional privilege

參考文獻

4、崔雲飛（2006），《無罪推定之具體實踐－以歐洲人權法院判例法為核心》，台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文。

2、 林妍汝（2006），《刑事被告受律師協助的憲法權利》，國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文。

2、林俊益（2004），《刑事訴訟法概論（上）》。

3、林鈺雄（2004），《刑事訴訟法（上）》。

4、林鈺雄（2005），《刑事訴訟法（下）》。