採樣方法測試與金屬燻煙暴露勞工健康危害評估

金屬加工在台灣製造工業中為最普遍的作業且扮演一重要角色。其物理性或化學性的作業過程會產生金屬燻煙，並透過呼吸作用進入人體內。金屬燻煙的粒徑大約在0.02~0.81μm之間，屬於微米或次微米級(100 ~1000nm)，有些甚至小至奈米級顆粒(<100nm)。銲接燻煙暴露對呼吸道有潛在影響，可能導致短期和長期的呼吸效應，如慢性支氣管炎，職業性哮喘和塵肺症等症狀。另外，金屬會透過Haber–Weiss反應誘發反應性含氧物質生成，並導致DNA氧化損傷以及脂質過氧化現象。本研究希望以新開發的金屬燻煙採樣方法驗證其捕集效率及以此方法所得結果評估金屬燻煙暴露者的健康風險。本研究以問卷方式蒐集作業人員之生活習慣及暴露模式。進行金屬燻煙作業區域及作業人員呼吸帶採樣，並評估此類作業場所的致癌及非致癌風險。進行作業人員血液與尿液採樣，並評估作業人員的健康風險。研究也進行濾紙串聯多孔性衝擊瓶之採樣系統的捕集效率探討。研究發現工作年資及年齡增加會使體內錳的暴露量、氧化壓力及氧化傷害指標趨勢上升。作業環境採樣結果顯示A公司作業人員的致癌風險較高。當進行濾紙串聯多孔性衝擊瓶之採樣系統採樣時，採樣距離愈長及金屬熔點愈高會降低捕集效率。研究發現衝擊瓶內添加玻璃珠後，可以捕集到約98%的金屬微粒。研究建議針對工作年資及年齡較高之作業人員定期實施金屬燻煙暴露職業疾病的相關健康檢查。對於此類作業場所應制定錳及鎳暴露更嚴格之標準，避免致癌風險及氧化性傷害增加。現行之標準採樣方法在金屬燻煙之捕集上顯示有許多金屬微粒之穿透，也明顯低估勞工金屬燻煙暴露之危害。因此，有必要重新檢討採樣方法是否能正確對勞工暴露之健康風險進行評估，以保護勞工健康。

關鍵字

金屬燻煙；衝擊瓶；反應性含氧物質；氧化傷害；捕集效率

並列摘要

Metal processing was the most common work type in Taiwan manufacturing industry. Metal fumes can be generated during the physical and chemical working process of metal, then enter into the body through inhalation. The particle sizes of metal fumes are between 0.02 and 0.81μm, which are in the range of micron or sub-micron. Exposure to metal fumes casue several healthe effects. For example, exposure to welding fumes cause chronic bronchitis, occupational asthma, and pneumoconiosis. Additoinally, metals would induce formations of reactive oxygen species through Haber–Weiss reaction. Then, they caused oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. In this study, we developed a new metal fume sampling method and evaluates it’s collection efficiency, then assessed the health risk of workers who exposed to the metal fume based on the sampling outcomes. Workers’ characteristics and exposure information were obtained from the questionnaires. Additionally, worker’s blood and urine samples were collected. Area and personal samples were collected by using the new new metal fume sampling method, which was a filter- porosity impinger serial sampling train. The sampling results were used to assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks in such workplaces. This study found internal manganese level, oxidative stress and oxidative damage increased with age and work years. The sampling results showed that workers’ cancer risks were higher in Company A. Long sampling distances and high-melting point levels of metal would reduce collection efficiency of this new sampling method. This study indicated that about 98% metal particles could be collected when glass beads were added into impingers. This study suggests to have a regular and proper health examination plan for older and senior workers with metal fume exposure, especially for manganese and nickel exposure, in order to avoid increasing cancer risk and oxidative damage. The current standard sampling method did not collect metal particles efficiently, that resulted in significantly underestimating workers’ exposure of metal fume. Therefore, it is necessary to review whether the sampling methods could correctly assess workers’ health risks of exposure, in order to protect workers’ health.

並列關鍵字

metal fume ； impingers ； reactive oxygen species ； oxidative damage ； collection efficiency

參考文獻

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採樣方法測試與金屬燻煙暴露勞工健康危害評估

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