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  • 學位論文

江西南康客家話鼻化韻和喉塞韻的兩種來源

Two Sources of the Nasalized rhymes and the Glottalized rhymes in Nankang Hakka, Jiangxi

指導教授 : 曹逢甫

摘要


漢語方言的小稱詞用法形態豐富,隨著語法化的程度愈高,小稱後綴的語音形式虛化的程度也愈大,到最後失去自己獨立音節的地位,與詞幹融合為同一音節。在聲韻學上分類的陰陽聲韻,因為合音的關係,導致原本為開尾韻附加上小稱鼻音尾而轉為陽聲韻,因而混入不同的分類。本文觀察南康方言、廈門閩方言、武漢方言、晉語和粵北土話,這些方言點都有鼻化韻或喉塞韻,而小稱音變之後的韻尾轉為陽聲韻(南康、廈門閩),或是產生喉塞小稱(武漢、晉語、粵北土話)。 歷史音韻學對鼻音韻尾的演變提出一條鍊,從雙唇鼻音-m弱化到齒齦鼻音-n,乃至軟顎鼻音-,接著產生鼻化作用,同時鼻音弱化消失,最後會邁入去鼻化階段。客語仍保留-m、-n、-三種鼻音韻尾,而南康方言已經邁入鼻化階段,因此我們推斷是小稱詞作用而使得南康方言提早進入鼻化階段。 本文以曹逢甫(2006)的小稱語法化輪迴的架構,研究南康、閩語、晉語以及粵北土話裡的小稱變韻鼻化和入聲化的現象,我們認為南康方言應有一段很長的時間具有鼻音尾小稱詞N。這個鼻音尾小稱,跟現代吳方言的鼻音尾小稱一樣,後來都經歷了詞幹韻尾取代、鼻化韻母形成、鼻化韻母合併、聲調合併以及去鼻化韻的階段。而目前殘留的例外字正是演化過程不同階段所留下的語言「化石」。

並列摘要


This paper explores the diminutive sound change in Nan Kang of Hakka. The diminutive is a suffix following with the noun which expresses small and mini things. The diminutive is a bound morpheme and can result the root to change the morpheme. Moreover, when the diminutive attaches to the root, the original stem has some changes which bring about morph-phonemic change by the combination with phoneme and phoneme (Jiang Min Hua 2006 : 1-2). The forms of the diminutive in Nan Kang are affix type, nasalization type, and nasal consonant type. There are suffixes of ‘zi, zai, te, er, li, shang’ in the affix type. It is not universal that there is nasalization in Hakka. However, in Nan Kang it is a universal phenomenon. Therefore, this paper discusses the nasalized diminutive and the glottalized diminutive by the grammaticalization cycle which is proposed by Tsao Feng Fu 2006. We found out the proto form of the diminutive from phonetic, semantic and grammatical way and the diminutive development by typological sub dialect. Also it points out the negligence of traditional phonology: it believes that Chinese is an isolated language and neglect the influence and compact to the development when attaching affix.

參考文獻


李婉瑜,2009。《小稱變韻與元音趨同:以武漢、鄂東、晉語、吳語四方言為例》。
曹逢甫、劉秀雪,2001。〈閩南語小稱詞的由來─兼談歷史演變與地理分布的關
Formation in Southeastern Chinese Dialects. Concentric: Studies in Linguisitcs.
姚榮松,1987(1994)。〈廈門話文白異讀中鼻化韻母的探討〉。《聲韻論叢》。2:
十一屆國際暨第二十七屆全國聲韻學學術研討會。臺北:輔仁大學。

被引用紀錄


沈寬怡(2015)。從晉語方言小稱音看曲折調產生及導致的舒聲促化現象〔碩士論文,國立清華大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0016-1802201617062897

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