明代河南災荒與官民的對應措施

明清時期的災害頻率為傳統中國之冠。其中又以明代之興衰與災荒最直接相關。而明代時期，華北地區的庶民最受災荒所苦，其中的河南地區因其地理特性，往往為災荒性移民之集散地。河南地區除了地理特性外，其被視為「中原腹心」之政治意義，使明廷對其災荒不敢大意，因此對其投入賑濟資源甚多。然而隨國家能量強弱變化，朝廷對於被災地方所能投入的資源也日益縮減。因此本文擬就災害致饑的事件，以及社會各階層角色對其之反應做為主要討論範圍。為能觀察出明朝政府對災荒事件的反應舉措之變化，本文劃分了四個時期－成化、嘉靖、萬曆、崇禎等四個時期，分就討論各時期的重大災荒事件，細緻分析國家與地方角色的反應舉措，期望透過此，能夠更加理解明代時期的國家與地方如何處置重大的災荒，並且能更客觀地理解時代侷限性，而非一味的以現代眼光去怪罪於哪一方角色。

關鍵字

明代河南；荒政；官民救濟；災荒事件

並列摘要

Natural disasters occurred most frequently in China during the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty, and the rise and fall of Ming dynasty had the strongest relations with them. During Ming dynasty, people at northern china suffered the most from these natural disasters, and Henan region became the distribution center because of its geographical features. Besides of the geographical features, Henan region had its political meaning as “Zhong Yuan fu xin (the main area of Zhong Yuan region),” which forced the Ming dynasty put lots of attention to these natural disasters, including bounds of relief resources. However, as the power of the dynasty went down, these resources declined gradually. This article discusses mainly at famine caused by these natural disasters and the reactions of people from different classes. To realize how the Ming dynasty reacts to famine and how it applies policies, this article divides it into four periods: Cheng Hua, Jia Jing, Wan Li and Chong Zhen. Through a discussion of different policy applications to famine, and the reactions of the dynasty and the people in these different periods, we could have a better understanding of the limitations at that time, building an objective view and stopping blaming casually.