運動員對其對手的印象形成之質性探討

Qualitative exploration of athletes' impression formation toward their opponents

李濟仲(Chi-Chung Lee) ； 廖主民(Chu-Min Liao)

《體育學報》 50卷3期 (2017/09) Pp. 303-325

https://doi.org/10.3966/102472972017095003005

摘要

緒論：印象是個體評價及對待他人的基礎，印象讓個體得以對互動關係產生控制感並掌控自己的行為，以增加在互動關係中達到目標的可能性。運動員透過獲得與對手有關的訊息來形成對其對手的印象，而此印象則會影響運動員和對手之間的互動。本研究的主要目的在於：(1)探究運動員對其對手的印象形成的訊息來源，以及(2)探究運動員對其對手的印象讓運動員產生的反應。方法：我們採用質性研究的取向，以半結構式的訪談和焦點團體訪談來收集資料。訪談過程使用標準化的訪談大綱並全程錄音，我們以紮根理論的資料分析法來分析資料，並以三角檢核來檢驗資料的信實度。研究參加者為27位大專甲組運動員，焦點團體成員則包含1位運動心理學家、1位國家隊教練、2位大專體育教師，以及1位甲組選手。結果：運動員對其對手的印象形成的訊息來源有三大類，分別是靜態訊息(體型、服裝配備)、動態訊息(熱身準備動作、人際互動、表情、眼神、團隊組織運作)，以及名聲訊息(第三者的報告、文件、情報內容)，而運動員對其對手的印象會讓運動員產生四種反應，分別是能力期望(自我效能、他人效能)、情感反應(緊張、焦慮、害怕、興奮)、屬性判斷(狀態性屬性、特質性屬性)，以及因應作為(自我對話、情緒支持、擬訂策略)。結論：運動員對其對手的印象與運動員運動參與的認知、 情感、行為有密切關係，本研究發現拓展了運動領域對印象形成的知識，凸顯了印象形成在學理上的重要性和應用上的價值，並提供了一個探究運動員對其對手的印象形成的概念架構。

關鍵字

社會認知的基模理論 ； 人的知覺的基模模式 ； 人的基模 ； 分佈的社會認知模式 ； 紮根理論

並列摘要

Introduction: The impression toward others enables individuals to evaluate and treat each other, to have a sense of control over the interpersonal interaction, and to manipulate their own behaviors to achieve goals for the interaction. Athletes form impressions toward their opponents through cues retrieved from the opponents, and then the course of interaction on the sport field may be affected. The main purposes of this study were (a) to examine the cues that athletes use in forming impressions toward their opponents, and (b) to explore the personal responses result from the impression that athletes form of their opponents. Methods: A qualitative approach including individual semi-structured interview and focus group interview was conducted. All interviews were conducted following an interview guide, and were taped, verbatim transcribed, and analyzed according to the principles of grounded theory and triangulation to ensure the trustworthiness of the data. Participants were twenty-seven athletes from Division I varsity teams. The focus group consisted of one sport psychologists, one national level coach, two physical educational teachers, and one Division I athletes. Results: When forming impression toward opponents, athletes use three major types of cues - static cues (physique, equipment), dynamic cues (warm-up, interpersonal behaviors, facial expression, eye contacts, team functioning), and reputation cues (third-party reports, documents, information). Results also indicated that athletes' impression toward their opponents lead to four types of consequences - expectancy responses (self-efficacy, other-efficacy), affective responses (nervous, anxiety, fear, excitement), attributive responses (episodic judgment, dispositional judgment), and coping strategy (self-talk, forming strategies, emotional support). Conclusion: Athletes’ impression formation toward their opponents has crucial influence on their cognitive, affect, and behavior. Our findings expand present knowledge about impression formation in sport and provide theoretical and practical insights into impression formation. Findings of this study also provide a basis for future studies in athletes’ impression formation toward their opponents in sport.

並列關鍵字

schema-driven theory of social cognition ； schematic model of person perception ； person schema ； model of distributed social cognition ； grounded theory

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