In the oil refining industry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an indispensable analysis method for heavy oil analysis just as the gas chromatography for light oil. Thus, we introduce the principle, the applicable nuclear species, the graphic information, and influence factors of NMR spectroscopy. In addition to traditional one-dimensional NMR method, the two-dimensional NMR spectral analysis technology and application was also mentioned in this article. Moreover, the case studies collected the NMR applications on manufacturing process, refined carbon, green energy, high-value petrochemical, and additive were demonstrated that the feasible application subjects in an oil refining industry.