隧道火災避難條件改善之初步研究

A preliminary study to improve tunnel fire evacuation condition

王繼增(Chi-Tseng Wang)

指導教授 ： 王國隆

國立暨南國際大學/科技學院/土木工程學系/碩士(2014年)

摘要

本論文旨在探討如何改善長公路隧道火災避難條件，首先經由國內外文獻找出大貨車隧道火災合理的熱釋率曲線圖，藉以以提供火災模擬軟體(Fire Dynamics Simulator, FDS)模擬各種隧道火災危害因子的變化情形，接著以電腦動畫模擬與實境實驗，找出隧道用路人真實的避難速率，最後再透過實驗問卷的T檢定與雙變數相關分析，來檢視本研究所提出之改善方案是否有效與可行。由FDS模擬發現，在不考慮隧道結構崩毀與有毒氣體造成中毒的情況之下，隧道火災最危險因子是溫度的升高，其次是能見度降低；而氧氣濃度降低、二氧化碳濃度上升與輻射熱通量相較於溫度與能見度，其危險程度較低。在40位實驗參與者參加實驗後發現，隧道內裝設綠色爆閃燈，對於用路人在會不會擔心受傷、感受到不確定性、感受到恐懼、感受到壓力、喪失方向感與感覺隧道避難的困難程度呈現負相關，也就是裝設了綠色爆閃燈降低了上述心境、情緒的感受程度，而對於隧道火災發生初期有沒有信心能夠逃生成功來說，則是沒有明顯的相關性，然而對於避難速率而言則是呈現正相關的情形，簡而言之，如果隧道內有裝設綠色爆閃燈，可以有效提升避難速率。

關鍵字

長公路隧道 ； 危險因子 ； FDS模擬 ； 綠色爆閃燈

並列摘要

The objective of this research is to improve the evacuation conditions of long highway tunnel fires. First of all, reasonable curves of heat release rate for trucks are derived from literature review. These curves provide Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to simulate variations of dangerous factors for long highway tunnel fires. Computer graphic simulations are combined with virtual reality and head mounted display. Thus real evacuating speed of tunnel users can be found during experiments. T-tests and Pearson’s moment correlation coefficients are derived from testers’ questionnaires to inspect feasibility of solutions provided in this research. The result of the FDS simulation shows that the importance of dangerous factors is raise of temperature followed by reducing visibility. Concentration of oxygen reducing, concentration of carbon dioxide rising, and radiative heat flux are not as fatal as previous factors.
Total 40 participants were taken part this experiment successfully. The installation of green strobe light will let users feel better when considering getting hurt, uncertainty, fear, stress, losing direction, and difficulty to evacuation. Meanwhile green strobe light would also help people to accelerate their evacuating speed. This will help them easier to survive under tunnel fire.

並列關鍵字

Long highway tunnel ； dangerous factor ； FDS simulation ； Green strobe light

參考文獻

1. Alan Beard and Richard Carvel (2005),“Tunnel Fire Safety Handbook”, Edinburgh,UK ,P411.

2. Haukur Ingason (2001), “An overview of vehicle fires in tunnel. Fourth International Conference on Safety in Road and Rail Tunnels”, Madrid, Spain.

3. A Lonnermark and H Ingason (2005) , “Gas Temperature in Heavy Goods Vehicle fires in Tunnel. Fire safety Journal 40”,PP.506-527.

4. D. Tong, D Canter (1985), “The decision to evacuate: a study of motivations which contribute to evacuation in the event of fire, Fire Safety Journal 9”,PP.257-265.

5. M .Barnett, D .Bruck, A .Jago (2007), “Mean annual probability of having a residential fire experience throughout a lifetime : Development and application of a methodology in : Seventh Pacific-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology”, Hong Kong.