從《老子》的對反語詞析探其思維理路

An Analysis of the Reasoning of Antonyms in the Laozi

林建德(Kent Lin)

《東吳哲學學報》 19期 (2009/02) Pp. 73-104

https://doi.org/10.29732/SJPS.200902.0003

摘要

本文從《老子》裡的對反語詞作線索，來探討其思維理路，大致析分為三個要點：首先，《老子》重相對兩邊的相反對顯與對立轉化之思維。其次，《老子》著眼於反面的思維方式，其中又包含在正面中觀照反面、以反面實現正面之兩種理路。第三，《老子》亦重相對兩邊的平衡與和諧之關係。綜合上述所整理的三個要點，通貫來說，《老子》從經驗現象的描述中，洞悉兩兩間對顯、轉化之關係，除善於運用反向思維的觀念與技巧外，也從中尋取整體的平衡、和諧；如此層層之轉進，可看出《老子》思想鮮明的思辨性格。可以說《老子》有意識地在突顯世間剛柔、動靜等二元對反間，所存在的動態的微妙關係。而如果能從此思辨性觀點，掌握其思想要義，則《老子》諸多說法將可取得一致的理解。如在《老子》的對反思維中，既有著眼於兩邊的思維，同時也有著眼於反面之處，即是此動態式思辨義理之展現。

關鍵字

對反語詞 ； 思維 ； 正反辯證 ； 動態 ； 無執

並列摘要

In this essay I discuss Laozi's way of thinking via its oppositional terms. This discussion will come in three parts: first, Laozi emphasizes the relationships of mutual revelation and transformation between the opposites, second, Laozi stresses on reverse thinking to pursue the realization of higher value; third, Laozi also places importance on balance and harmony between the oppositional sides. From these three points, we can say that Laozi penetrates the relationships of the opposites from its description of this empirical world and suggests that people use reverse thinking to pursue the balance and harmony of double sides. We can say, therefore, that Laozi consciously points out the dynamics and dialectics between the opposites such as hardness and softness, motion and stillness, etc. And if we can understand Laozi's philosophical characteristics of dynamics and dialectics, we can avoid inconsistent understandings of Laozi's Philosophy.

並列關鍵字

antonyms ； reasoning ； dialectics ； dynamic ； flexibility

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