母性•母權•母神－《紅樓夢》中的王夫人新論

在一般紅學的評論中，對王夫人的人物研究主要是集中於封建貴族女性的權力鞏固與抄檢大觀園的破壞性措施上，並往往採取同情受害者的感性立場，而進行以結果證明動機的推論，視之爲戕害少女的傳統禮教勢力，尤其是與薛姨媽共圖金玉良姻而阻礙寶黛婚姻愛情的合謀者。然而，本文經由文本細讀所建立的全面考察，並透過親子關係、子宮家庭、母性建構、母職制度以及神話學中有關母神功能的理論研究，則探析出王夫人在角色塑造上的深刻層次，所得出的論點包括：其糊塗善忘與天真爛漫既顯示一種老實單純的性格，也導致無才無能與順應情緒本能的衝動行事，但其知人善任的明智安排卻彌補了此一性格缺陷，使賈府的末世得以苟延維繫；其出於子宮家庭的母愛除了直接表現於對寶玉的親密無間與起死回生，更橫向擴及旁系與他家的少女們，在在展演了比較宗教學與神話學中二度出生的雙重母親意義；而其出於子宮家庭的母權心理所引發的反情色情結，則在訴諸隋緒反應的性格助長下，造成攆逐金釧與抄檢大觀園這兩次突發行動，突顯了母子命運共同體的本位思考。由此並重新探討抄檢大觀園的意義。綜合言之，王夫人揭示了母性建構或母神功能的雙面性，而兼具良善、賦活、悅納的創生性，與陰暗、破壞、顛覆的傷害性。

關鍵字

紅樓夢；王夫人；子宮家庭；雙重母親；母性；母神

並列摘要

A common interpretation of the Lady Wang in the Dream of the Red Chamber is to view her as supporting the marriage between Chia Baoyu and Xue Baochai and opposing the love/marriage between Chia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu. In a word, Lady Wang is deemed as an embodiment of traditional Confucian ritual-ethical force (傳統禮教勢力) that persecuted young women. Such interpretation is typically based upon a restrictive reading on one single episode of the novel, namely, the rummaging of the Prospect Garden (抄檢大觀園). This paper carefully examines all the plots about Lady Wang and tries to provide a comprehensive characterization of her role, incorporating, among others, the perspectives of parent-child relationship, uterine family, and maternity. I focus on delineating Lady Wang's ”double mother” (雙重母親) figure: simple-minded and yet prudent, attentive to natural feelings while adhering to traditionally-derived power. This ”double mother” characterization echoes the familiar theme of ”the second birth” (二度出生) in mythology. I argue that Lady Wang embodies exactly this double image: on the one hand, she is kind, life-giving, and warm; on the other, she is inscrutable, capable of destruction, and has a terrifying persona. The episode of rummaging the Prospect Garden is reexamined and analyzed accordingly under this perspective.