馬克思論人與人性

An Analysis of Marx's Idea of Human Nature

洪鐮德

《哲學與文化》 24卷5期 (1997/05) Pp. 406-419

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.199705.0406

摘要

由於深受古希臘哲學家亞里士多德的影響，馬克思相信人性的本質在於由潛能化成為顯能。早期馬克思的哲學觀念也受到黑格爾與費爾巴哈的型塑，因而把人類當做勞動與生產的動物看待。人之異於其他的動物，在於人具有靈長類的種類本質。可是在歷史與社會裡人的種類本質卻遭到扭曲、疏遠，這是何以青年馬克思大談人的自我異化之原因。進入成年時代的馬克思多少揚棄思辨哲學的本質論，不再强調人的種類本質。他開始使用政治經濟學的觀點來批評社會的典章制度，這是何以成年後的馬克思强調人性為社會關係的總和之因由。强調人類最終要生活在無國家、無階級、無異化、無剝削的社群（共同體）之馬克思，遂視未來共產主義社會的到來，為眞人、完人落實的時刻，也即是他人性自我實現的美夢之完成。本論文不但歷述馬克思一生幾個不同階段之人性觀，也對他這種烏托邦式的人性理論提出批評。

關鍵字

人性 ； 人本 ； 人文 ； 個人 ； 群體（社群）

並列摘要

Owing to the influence of Aristotle, Marx believed the essence of man's nature was from the potential to the actual. Early on, Marx's philosophy was also influenced by Hegel and Feuerbach, which gave rise to his notion of man as an animal of labor and production. The difference between man and other animals is that man's essence is in his spirit. This essence, however, in the annuals of history and the social stage has met with twists and alienation. This is why the young Marx emphasized the alienation of the self. Marx later for the most part discarded speculative philosophy and the notion of essence, no longer emphasizing man's particular essence. He later started to employ political and economic thought in criticizing the social status quo. This is why the more mature Marx emphasized humanity was the sum of social relations. He thus felt that man's ultimate life would be in a stateless, classless society, free from alienation and exploitation. This was to be achieved in the coming of a communist society and the practical completion of man. These societies could be said to have been the culmination of Marx's hope for the realization of man's essence. This essay would like to look at the different stages of Marx's notions of human nature, and also offer some criticism on his utopian ideals of that nature.

並列關鍵字

Human Nature ； Anthropocentric ； Humanities ； Individual ； Society