傅山對郭象《莊子•逍遙遊》詮解的評論

Fu Shan on Guo Xiang's Commentaries of Zhuang Zi's "Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease"

曾春海(Chun-Hai Tseng)

《哲學與文化》 35卷3期 (2008/03) Pp. 119-133

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200803.0119

摘要

傅山(1607-1684)以明朝遺民的政治身分，堅持民族氣節，堅拒仕於清。他自命為莊子之徒，將生命安頓於莊子與萬物一體的精神境界，頗嚮往莊子的逍遙自在。他兼採儒、道、佛精義評論儒道兼綜的郭象莊注，尤好《莊子．逍遙遊》。他認為郭象莊注中的「物任其性」封限於個體化的才性，只能各顯特殊相。他指出莊書中的「逍遙」旨趣在突破一己的命限，捨棄狹小低下的境界而就崇遠的曠達境界。據此，他批郭象自生獨化論，自限一己之才性，流於眼光短淺，境界狹窄，有失莊子與萬物融為一體的深厚宇宙精神。不過，他對郭象致力消解自我與俗世之間的矛盾，超化對世俗的分別之執，心境不被汙染，持肯定態度。同時，傅山抱持著知識份子對歷史文化承傳的責任感，堅信「逍遙」義不應採取積極離開人間庸俗煩擾的路向，亦具有莊子的心隱而身不隱的弔詭性。傅山基於這一處世立場，對郭象在注莊中雖重視內在生命之德，然而，不拘泥於外在的形跡，唯變從適，頗為欣賞。但是，傅山不同意郭象在應世上不嚴分是非的態度。傅山的核心理念在採取莊子的逍遙自適之際，仍不離對世事的是非堅持。這是他因應時代的精神需求而重新調整儒道佛兼綜和會通之莊學新逍遙遊精神。

關鍵字

傅山 ； 吾師莊先生 ； 萬物一體 ； 不執生死 ； 郭象 ； 適性逍遙 ； 才性氣稟 ； 隱而不隱

並列摘要

As an adherent of the former Ming Dynasty, Fu Shan (1607-1684) was determined not to be an official for the Qing monarchy. Seeing himself as a follower of Zhuang Zi, he settled his life in the harmony of all things and aspired after Zhuang Zi's ”enjoyment in the untroubled ease.” While Guo combined Confucianism and Taoism in his commentary of Zhuang Zi, Fu Shan adopted the quintessence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in his reviews about Guo's commentaries, especially with ”Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease,” Zhuang Zi. He thought Guo's commentaries somehow were confined to an individual's particular rather than general talents. He pointed out that the purport of ”untroubled ease” was to transcend the limitations of an individual's life, abandoning the narrow and the low for the sublime and the elevated. Accordingly, Fu Shan criticized Guo Xiang for his limitation and shallowness that was contradictory to Zhuang Zi's cosmic spirit of the harmony of all things. However, he approved of Guo Xiang's efforts in eliminating the contradictions between the self and the world as well as transcending the secular. In the meantime, Fu Shan, with an intellect's sense of responsibility about the inheritance and continuance of history and culture, believed that the ”untroubled ease” was not aggressive abstention from the atrocities and worries of the world but Zhuang Zi's paradox of spiritual rather than physical hermitage. His idea was to adopt Zhuang Zi's ”enjoyment of untroubled ease” without leaving behind his insistence on the right and wrong in worldly affairs. This is how he accommodated to the spiritual need of his time and re-adjusted the new spirit of Zhuang Zi's untroubled ease that synthesized and digested Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.

並列關鍵字

Fu Shan ； Zhuang Zi ； Harmony of All Things ； Guo Xiang ； Untroubled Ease ； Talent ； Spiritual Rather Than Physical Hermitage

參考文獻

傅山、劉貫文主編(1993)。傅山全書。太原:山西人民出版社。

楊向奎(1985)。清儒學案新編。山東濟南:齊魯書社。

郭象注(1963)。莊子集釋。台北:世界書局。

王夫之(1956)。俟解。北京:古籍出版社。

陳亮(1985)。龍川文集。北京:中華書局。